Herd-level risk factors for bovine tuberculosis in French cattle herds

Marsot, Maud; Béral, Marina; Scoizec, Axelle; Mathevon, Yoann; Durand, Benoı̂t; Courcoul, Aurélie

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.07.006

Cited by 12 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In our study, no fox was found infected (n = 146) whereas in parallel TB in cattle has decreased (only two outbreaks in 2019; source: French ministry for Agriculture) and infection in other wild species has also decreased [ 4 ]. Therefore, it appears that in France, when cattle, considered as the main M. bovis reservoir [ 20 ] is barely affected by TB, infection in foxes is either inexistent or at a too low prevalence rate to be detected. However, when TB is still endemic in extensive cattle breeding areas, foxes take part of the wild TB community.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Red Foxes in Four Animal Tuberculosis Endemic Areas in France

Richomme

Réveillaud²,

Moyen³

et al. 2020

Microorganisms

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In France, animal tuberculosis (TB) due to Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) affects a multi-host community that include cattle and wildlife species such as wild boars (Sus scrofa), badgers (Meles meles), or wild deer (Cervus elaphus, Capreolus capreolus). The involvement of foxes in the epidemiology of TB is fairly described in countries facing multispecies concerns. After the discovery of grouped cases of TB in foxes in a French TB endemic region, a study was implemented in the core of four TB endemic areas in Dordogne, Charente, Landes (departments of Nouvelle-Aquitaine region), and Côte-d’Or (Burgundy-Franche-Comté region). No infected fox was found in Côte-d’Or (n = 146), where in parallel TB in cattle and other wild species became sparse in the last years. In contrast, in Dordogne, Charente, and Landes, 13 (n = 184), 9 (n = 98) and 7 (n = 140) foxes were found infected by M. bovis, respectively, corresponding to 7.1% (CI95% 3.8–11.8%), 9.2% (4.3–16.7%) and 5.0% (CI95% 2.0–10.0%) prevalence rates, respectively. These infection rates are comparable with those observed in badgers and wild boar in these same three areas (ranging from 9 to 13.2% and 4.3 to 17.9%, respectively), where the number of cattle outbreaks has increased in the last 10-15 years. In each area, the genotypes of foxes’ M. bovis isolates were the same as those in local cattle and other wildlife species. None of the infected foxes presented TB-like gross lesions. M. bovis was found in the mesenteric lymph nodes of 28 foxes (68%). For the 12 foxes where retropharyngeal and respiratory lymph nodes were analyzed separately, M. bovis was present in the respiratory lymph nodes of eight individuals. With regard to excretion, appropriate samples were available for 12 infected foxes from Dordogne. M. bovis DNA was detected in the feces of five of these animals, four of which were infected in the mesenteric lymph nodes. Combined with the knowledge on the biology and ecology of foxes, the results of this study suggest that in areas where infection in cattle is still active in France, foxes might play a role of spillover host in the epidemiology of M. bovis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Red Foxes in Four Animal Tuberculosis Endemic Areas in France

Richomme

Réveillaud²,

Moyen³

et al. 2020

Microorganisms

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“…In a previous study conducted in France, pasture neighborhood was found significantly associated with the farm infection status ( 31 ). However, in the present study, the P edge type was not significantly associated with M. bovis transmission when using the case-control design.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Cattle movements due to trade are a known M. bovis transmission route in Great Britain ( 59 , 60 ), but also in France ( 42 ). The neighborhood with an infected farm through adjoining pastures (allowing over the fence contacts between herds) has also been identified as a potential risk factor for the M. bovis transmission between French cattle farms ( 31 ). The intersection of badger home ranges with cattle pastures and between each other's was considered a proxy for badger-mediated transmission, considering the territoriality of badgers ( 36 ) and the ability of M. bovis to survive in the soil ( 25 , 26 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…M. bovis transmission between cattle can also involve different susceptible species either wild ( 27 ) or domestic [although the implication of other domestic species than cattle remains unclear regarding cattle transmission ( 24 )]. At the herd level, several risk factors of bTB have been identified such as larger herd sizes, neighborhood with other herds, cattle movements, farm management practices such as grazing, dispersion of slurry on pastures or the share of water points ( 24 , 28 – 31 ). Environmental risk factors have also been studied, with certain environmental conditions favoring the survival and persistence of M. bovis (such as shade, moisture or even some soil types) that foster M. bovis transmission ( 24 – 26 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding M. bovis transmission between cattle in France and in light of the above, nodes can represent cattle farms and edges may represent direct or indirect contacts between them. Two types of direct contacts may be featured by edges between farms: (i) contacts due to the trade of live cattle ( 42 , 43 ) and (ii) contacts due to pasture neighborhood between cattle belonging to different farms but with nose to nose contacts over the fence ( 31 , 44 , 45 ). Besides, indirect contacts between cattle farms due the presence of wildlife may also be represented by edges.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Distribution of Bovine Tuberculosis in Cattle Farms Is Linked to Cattle Trade and Badger-Mediated Contact Networks in South-Western France, 2007–2015

2018

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Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), mainly caused by Mycobacterium bovis, can affect domestic and wild animals as well as humans. Identifying the major transmission mechanisms in an area is necessary for disease control and management. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the involvement of different types of contact in M. bovis transmission between cattle farms of south-western France between 2007 and 2015. We analyzed an empirical contact network of cattle farms as nodes, with known infection status and molecular types (16 circulated during the study period of which 14 affected only cattle and two both badgers and cattle). Edges were based on cattle trade data (T-edges) and on spatial neighborhood relationships between farms, either direct (P-edges) or badger-mediated, when two farms neighbored the same badger home range (B-edges), or two distinct but neighboring badger home ranges (D-edges). Edge types were aggregated so that the contact network contained only unique edges labeled by one or several edge types. The association between the contact network structure and bTB infection status was assessed using a non-parametric test, each molecular type being considered a marker of an independent epidemic. Using a logistic regression model, we estimated the contribution of each edge type to the probability for an edge originating from an infected farm to end at another infected farm. A total number of 1946 cattle farms were included in the study and were linked by 54,243 edges. Within this contact network, infected farms (whatever the molecular type) always belonged to the same component, suggesting the contact network may have supported bTB spread among those farms. A significant association between the pattern of bTB-infected farms and the structure of the contact network was observed when all the molecular types were simultaneously considered. The logistic regression model showed a significant association between M. bovis infection in direct neighbors of infected farms and the connection by T-, B- and D-edges, with odds-ratios of 7.4, 1.9, and 10.4, respectively. These results indicate a multifactorial M. bovis transmission between cattle farms of the studied area, with varying implication levels of the trade, pasture and badger networks according to the molecular type.

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Most likely causes of infection and risk factors for tuberculosis in Spanish cattle herds

et al. 2021

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Introduction: This study aims to assess the most likely causes of Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) breakdowns in Spanish cattle herds and to identify the main risk factors at farm-level. Methods: Causes of bTB breakdowns were assessed through a qualitative riskassessment based on decision-trees by analysing surveillance data from 3819 bTB breakdowns detected during 2014-2016. Results were compared to veterinary officers' (VO) opinions. Risk factors were identified through a casecontrol study with data from 196 bTB cases and 160 controls collected during 2014-2018. Results: The decision tree analysis identified residual infections and interactions with wildlife as the most frequent causes of breakdowns (36% each), followed by purchasing infected cattle (14%). These results were not supported by VOs' opinions. According to the regression models, the risk of bTB increased by sharing pastures (odds ratios [OR] = 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.6-4.4) and by increasing inwards cattle movements. The presence of wildlife reservoirs represented a significant risk for extensivelymanaged farms if other cattle farms are situated within a one-kilometre radius (OR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.1-5.1). Discussion: To prevent bTB breakdowns, efforts should be devoted to decrease the likelihood of residual infections and improve farm biosecurity. The adoption of biosecurity measures might be influenced by farmers' perceptions, which should be carefully evaluated to ensure the effectiveness of such strategies. K E Y W O R D Sbovine tuberculosis, case-control comparisons, decision-tree models, epidemiological investigations, surveillance data

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Herd-level risk factors for bovine tuberculosis in French cattle herds

Cited by 12 publications

References 24 publications

Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Red Foxes in Four Animal Tuberculosis Endemic Areas in France

Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Red Foxes in Four Animal Tuberculosis Endemic Areas in France

The Distribution of Bovine Tuberculosis in Cattle Farms Is Linked to Cattle Trade and Badger-Mediated Contact Networks in South-Western France, 2007–2015

Most likely causes of infection and risk factors for tuberculosis in Spanish cattle herds

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