Herd-level prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in United States dairy herds in 2007

Lombard, Jason E.; Gardner, Ian A.; Jafarzadeh, S. Reza; Fossler, Charles P.; Harris, Beth; Capsel, R. T.; Wagner, Bruce A.; Johnson, Wesley O.

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.08.006

Cited by 125 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Some Australian states and Sweden are proven to be free of this disease. In ruminants, dairy cattle are most prone to disease; in USA herd prevalence has been reported 91.1% (Lombard et al, 2013), in Chile 28-100% (Kruze et al, 2013).…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and Management Strategies of Johne's disease in Endemic Situations

Munir

Hassan

Muhammad³

et al. 2014

Res. j. vet. pract.

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Mycobacterium paratuberculosis the subspecies of M. avium, effects wide range of animals including domestic cattle, sheep, goats, buffaloes, camelids and wild ruminants resulting in progressive and chronic enteritis known as Johne's disease (paratuberculosis). Clinically sick animals show emaciation, diarrhea and eventually death but the risk is that mostly they don't show clinical sign still can shed bacteria in feces and milk. Organism spread in the animal body through blood and lymph nodes to multiple internal organs. It is economically very important disease in livestock because effected livestock is recommended to be culled due to high treatment costs. Etiology, host range, immunology, epidemiology, stages/ forms, clinical signs, diagnostic tools and treatment have been discussed with special reference to endemic situations. Strategies to control this disease include improved management practices, testing and culling and vaccination. Modifications in management practices is not an easy job and so is the case with testing and culling; vaccine on the other hand is the simple practice but it is not usually practiced by farmers because lack of knowledge/awareness in herdsmen and availability of vaccine.All copyrights reserved to Nexus® academic publishers

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Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and Management Strategies of Johne's disease in Endemic Situations

Munir

Hassan

Muhammad³

et al. 2014

Res. j. vet. pract.

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“…paratuberculosis (MAP). The true herd prevalence in dairy herds in the United States of America was estimated to be larger than 90% in 2007 (Lombard et al, 2013), and for Europe the estimates appeared to be >50% (Nielsen and Toft, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Paratuberculosis: decrease in milk production of German Holstein dairy cows shedding Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis depends on within-herd prevalence

Donat¹,

Soschinka²,

Erhardt

et al. 2014

Animal

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Paratuberculosis impairs productivity of infected dairy cows because of reduced milk production and fertility and enhanced risk of culling. The magnitude of the milk yield depression in individual cows is influenced by factors such as parity, the stage of the disease and the choice of test used. The objectives of this case-control study were to substantiate the influence of the different levels of the within-herd prevalence (WHP) on individual milk yield of fecal culture (FC)-positive cows (FC+) compared with FC-negative herd-mates (FC−), and to estimate the magnitude of the deviation of the milk yield, milk components and somatic cell count (SCC) in an FC-based study. Of a total of 31 420 cows from 26 Thuringian dairy herds tested for paratuberculosis by FC, a subset of 1382 FC+ and 3245 FC− with milk recording data were selected as cases and controls, respectively. The FC− cows were matched for the same number and stage of lactation (±10 days in milk) as one FC+ from the same herd. Within a mixed model analysis using the fixed effects of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) status, lactation number, days in milk, prevalence class of farm and the random effect of farm on milk yield per day (kg), the amount of fat and protein (mg/dl) and lactose (mg/dl) as well as the SCC (1000/ml) were measured. On the basis of least square means, FC+ cows had a lower test-day milk yield (27.7 ± 0.6 kg) compared with FC− (29.0 ± 0.6 kg), as well as a lower milk protein content and a slightly diminished lactose concentration. FC status was not associated with milk fat percentage or milk SCC. In FC+ cows, reduction in milk yield increased with increasing WHP. An interaction of FC status and farm was found for the test-day milk yield, and milk protein percentage, respectively. We conclude that the reduction in milk yield of FC+ cows compared with FC− herd-mates is significantly influenced by farm effects and depends on WHP class. Owners of MAP-positive dairy herds may benefit from the reduction in WHP not only by reducing number of infected individuals but also by diminishing the individual losses in milk production per infected cow, and therefore should establish control measures.

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“…A recent report suggested that more than 90% of the dairy operations in the United States include animals that are infected with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (4). The use of the current vaccine (Mycopar) to control JD is inadequate (5) and does not stop the severe economic losses estimated to be over $500 million annually to the U.S. dairy industry (6).…”

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confidence: 99%

Virulence and Immunity Orchestrated by the Global Gene Regulator sigL in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

2014

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b Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes Johne's disease in ruminants, a chronic enteric disease responsible for severe economic losses in the dairy industry. Global gene regulators, including sigma factors are important in regulating mycobacterial virulence. However, the biological significance of such regulators in M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis rremains elusive. To better decipher the role of sigma factors in M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis pathogenesis, we targeted a key sigma factor gene, sigL, activated in mycobacterium-infected macrophages. We interrogated an M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis ⌬sigL mutant against a selected list of stressors that mimic the host microenvironments. Our data showed that sigL was important in maintaining bacterial survival under such stress conditions. Survival levels further reflected the inability of the ⌬sigL mutant to persist inside the macrophage microenvironments. Additionally, mouse infection studies suggested a substantial role for sigL in M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis virulence, as indicated by the significant attenuation of the ⌬sigL-deficient mutant compared to the parental strain. More importantly, when the sigL mutant was tested for its vaccine potential, protective immunity was generated in a vaccine/challenge model of murine paratuberculosis. Overall, our study highlights critical role of sigL in the pathogenesis and immunity of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection, a potential role that could be shared by similar proteins in other intracellular pathogens.

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Herd-level prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in United States dairy herds in 2007

Cited by 125 publications

References 18 publications

Epidemiology and Management Strategies of Johne's disease in Endemic Situations

Epidemiology and Management Strategies of Johne's disease in Endemic Situations

Paratuberculosis: decrease in milk production of German Holstein dairy cows shedding Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis depends on within-herd prevalence

Virulence and Immunity Orchestrated by the Global Gene Regulator sigL in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

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