Herd immunity conferred by killed oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh: a reanalysis

Ali, Mohammad; Emch, Michael; Seidlein, Lorenz von; Yunus, Mohammad; Sack, David A.; Rao, Malla R.; Holmgren, Jan; Clemens, John D.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66550-6

Cited by 297 publications

(275 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…However, because disease transmission and indirect protection are spatial processes, spatial distribution of factors related to the outcome must be considered to remove potential biases caused by spatial correlation. Other work has reported similar spatial effects with oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh (13,14). Although we did examine the interaction between vaccine coverage and distance, this was not statistically significant (for WHO-PEP: β = −0.01; P = 0.868) and model fit statistics indicated a poorer fit.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 64%

Distance to health services affects local-level vaccine efficacy for pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) among rural Filipino children

Root

Lucero

Nohynek

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have demonstrated efficacy against childhood pneumococcal disease in several regions globally. We demonstrate how spatial epidemiological analysis of a PCV trial can assist in developing vaccination strategies that target specific geographic subpopulations at greater risk for pneumococcal pneumonia. We conducted a secondary analysis of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind vaccine trial that examined the efficacy of an 11-valent PCV among children less than 2 y of age in Bohol, Philippines. Trial data were linked to the residential location of each participant using a geographic information system. We use spatial interpolation methods to create smoothed surface maps of vaccination rates and local-level vaccine efficacy across the study area. We then measure the relationship between distance to the main study hospital and local-level vaccine efficacy, controlling for ecological factors, using spatial autoregressive models with spatial autoregressive disturbances. We find a significant amount of spatial variation in vaccination rates across the study area. For the primary study endpoint vaccine efficacy increased with distance from the main study hospital from −14% for children living less than 1.5 km from Bohol Regional Hospital (BRH) to 55% for children living greater than 8.5 km from BRH. Spatial regression models indicated that after adjustment for ecological factors, distance to the main study hospital was positively related to vaccine efficacy, increasing at a rate of 4.5% per kilometer distance. Because areas with poor access to care have significantly higher VE, targeted vaccination of children in these areas might allow for a more effective implementation of global programs.spatial epidemiology | spatial analysis | targeted intervention | randomized controlled trial | GIS

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 64%

Distance to health services affects local-level vaccine efficacy for pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) among rural Filipino children

Root

Lucero

Nohynek

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…x is a global Lyapunov function for (1). Furthermore, L can be used to prove the global stability of P 0 , as shown in Theorem 2.2 and the remark following this in [27].…”

Section: Global Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The proposed model can be regarded as a coupled system on a star network where the hub vertex corresponds to the common water source and the leaf vertices correspond to the patches where host live. For example, baris in Bangladesh, a country where cholera remains endemic [17], refer to multiple household structures in which groups of related families live and often share the same water source [1,10]. In this situation, each bari represents a patch and thus a leaf vertex in the network, while the common water source represents the hub vertex in the network.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling and control of cholera on networks with a common water source

Shuai¹,

Driessche²

2014

Journal of Biological Dynamics

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“…The availability of OCVs that are safe, effective, and easy to administer, and have the ability to afford herd protection at a population level are important accomplishments of this public health intervention. 41,42 While vaccine alone will not eliminate disease, it provides a new tool in the armoury of cholera response measures. OCV could act as a trigger mechanism to mobilize endemic countries and partners to develop and implement multisectoral cholera control programmes.…”

Section: Achievementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Achievements and challenges for the use of killed oral cholera vaccines in the global stockpile era

Desai

Pezzoli

Alberti

et al. 2016

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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Cholera remains an important but neglected public health threat, affecting the health of the poorest populations and imposing substantial costs on public health systems. Cholera can be eliminated where access to clean water, sanitation, and satisfactory hygiene practices are sustained, but major improvements in infrastructure continue to be a distant goal. New developments and trends of cholera disease burden, the creation of affordable oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) for use in developing countries, as well as recent evidence of vaccination impact has created an increased demand for cholera vaccines. The global OCV stockpile was established in 2013 and with support from Gavi, has assisted in achieving rapid access to vaccine in emergencies. Recent WHO prequalification of a second affordable OCV supports the stockpile goals of increased availability and distribution to affected populations. It serves as an essential step toward an integrated cholera control and prevention strategy in emergency and endemic settings.

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Herd immunity conferred by killed oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh: a reanalysis

Cited by 297 publications

References 17 publications

Distance to health services affects local-level vaccine efficacy for pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) among rural Filipino children

Distance to health services affects local-level vaccine efficacy for pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) among rural Filipino children

Modelling and control of cholera on networks with a common water source

Achievements and challenges for the use of killed oral cholera vaccines in the global stockpile era

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