Herbicide trace analysis by high-resolution fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry: quantification of low parts per trillion levels of atrazine in water

Caldwell, Kenneth A.; Ramanujam, V. M. Sadagopa; Cai, Zongwei; Gross, Michael L.; Spalding, Roy F.

doi:10.1021/ac00065a034

Cited by 27 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Environmental samples can be modified by altering the ionic strength or adjusting the pH of the sample in order to increase the amount extracted by the fibre coating. It was found that for many analytes, the addition of sodium chloride to the sample increased the amount extracted (18)(19)(20)(21). This often allows the analyst to improve the extraction of analytes of particular interest whilst still allowing for detection of the other analytes present in the sample (ones for which salt addition does not affect the amount extracted, or reduce it).…”

Section: Time (Min)mentioning

confidence: 99%

1995 McBryde Medal Award Lecture Solid phase microextraction – a unique tool for chemical measurements

Górecki¹,

Boyd-Boland²,

Zhang³

et al. 1996

Can. J. Chem.

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The paper presents recent advances in solid phase microextraction (SPME). The method utilizes a small fused silica fibre coated with a suitable polymeric stationary phase for analyte extraction from various matrices. The fibre is mounted in a syringe-like holder for protection. SPME has been used for the characterization of polymeric coating properties. Infinite-dilution weight-fraction activity coefficients have been determined for five solutes in two different stationary phases. Their values correlate well with the structure of the analytes and the coating. Other SPME uses include simultaneous determination of 60 pesticides in liquid matrices. A comparison between SPME, liquid extraction, and Soxhlet extraction for the analysis of Atrazine, Simazine, and Metolachlor in well water, as well as Metolachlor in soil samples, produced similar results for all three methods. The solvent-free character of SPME enables its use as sample introduction technique for fast GC analysis. Separations of BTEX in less than 9 s, and of volatile compounds described in EPA method 624 in 2.5 min, are described. SPME has also been used for the analysis of tetraethyllead and Pb(I1) in water. Before the analysis, lead is derivatized with sodium tetraethylborate, and the tetraethyllead formed is extracted from sample headspace. Sub-ppb detection limits have been achieved with FID. Finally, SPME has been coupled to HPLC with the use of a specially designed interface. The combination has been tested on samples of polyaromatic hydrocarbons and surfactants in water. Very good precision of retention times and peak areas has been achieved.

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Section: Time (Min)mentioning

confidence: 99%

1995 McBryde Medal Award Lecture Solid phase microextraction – a unique tool for chemical measurements

Górecki¹,

Boyd-Boland²,

Zhang³

et al. 1996

Can. J. Chem.

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“…Sample preconcentration plays a key role in modern analytical methodology, which affects the accuracy and precision of the final results, especially for the analysis of trace levels of analytes in complex matrices. Recently, some sample preconcentration methods are widely used on triazine detection in different samples, such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) (Cavalcante et al 2012), solid-phase extraction (Caldwell et al 1993), supercritical fluid extraction (Matamoros et al 2009), microwave-assisted extraction (Cheng et al 2007), solid-phase microextraction (SPME) (Moliner-Martínez et al 2011), micro-solid-phase extraction (Bagheri et al 2010), single-drop microextraction (Ye et al 2007), stir bar sorptive extraction (Penalver et al 2003), and liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) (Peng et al 2007). However, the majority of the above methods require considerable time for extraction of target analytes into an organic phase or onto sorbents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salt De-Emulsification Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction and Back-Extraction Combined with Sweeping Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography for Detection of Triazine Herbicides in Honey

Yue

et al. 2015

Food Anal. Methods

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A rapid, simple, and sensitive method has been developed for the analysis of triazine herbicides in honey samples by using salt de-emulsification dispersive liquidliquid microextraction and back-extraction (SD-DLLME-BE) coupled with sweeping in micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). In the newly developed method, chloroform can be generated by the reaction of chloral hydrate and sodium hydroxide, and the chloroform droplets dispersed into bulk aqueous solution can be swiftly carried to the bottom of the centrifuge tube with the addition of calcium chloride. Then, back-extraction was utilized to extract the analytes into an aqueous solution prior to capillary electrophoresis (CE) analysis. The advantages of the new in situ DLLME lie in dispersive solvent-free and no centrifugation operation compared with the conventional DLLME. Several important parameters influencing the preconcentration and extraction efficiency of SD-DLLME-BE such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) concentration, pH, chloral hydrate and sodium hydroxide content, extraction time, and calcium chloride content were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the enrichment factors were achieved in the range from 459 to 636. The proposed method provided a good linearity, low limits of detection (8.56 ng/mL), and good repeatability of the extractions (relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 8.8 %, n=6).Honey samples were analyzed by the proposed method, and obtained results indicated that the proposed method provides acceptable recoveries and precisions.

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“…Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) (Caldwell et al 1993;Motomizu and Oshima 1987) is the most widely used sample preparation method for preconcentration and cleanup of trace materials. However, conventional LLE is not only costly but also uses potentially hazardous organic solvents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic Stirring-Assisted Dispersive Suspended Microextraction with Solidification of a Floating Organic Droplet for the Determination of Trace Fungicides in Water and Wine

et al. 2013

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For the first time, a simple method for magnetic stirring-assisted dispersive suspended microextraction has been developed for the determination of three fungicides (azoxystrobin, diethofencarb, and pyrimethanil) in water and wine samples. The method is based on the solidification of a floating organic droplet coupled with high performance liquid chromatography. In the proposed method, the low toxicity solvent 1-dodecanol was used as the extractant. Both the extraction and phase separation process were performed with magnetic stirring. No centrifugation step was involved. After separating the two phases, the extraction solvent droplet was easily collected through solidification at lower temperature. Important parameters such as the kind and volume of organic extraction solvent, extraction and restoration speed, extraction and restoration time, and salt concentration were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the limits of detection for the analytes varied from 0.14 to 0.26 lg L À1 . The enrichment factors ranged from 125-200. The linearity ranges were 1-2000 lg L À1 , yielding correlation coefficients (r) higher than 0.9990. The relative standard deviation (n ¼ 6) at two spiked level of 0.2 lg mL À1 and 4 lg L À1 varied between 2.2% and 7.8%. Finally, the developed technique was successfully applied to determine target fungicides in real water and wine samples, where the obtained recoveries ranged from 83.8-105.3%

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Herbicide trace analysis by high-resolution fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry: quantification of low parts per trillion levels of atrazine in water

Cited by 27 publications

References 26 publications

1995 McBryde Medal Award Lecture Solid phase microextraction – a unique tool for chemical measurements

1995 McBryde Medal Award Lecture Solid phase microextraction – a unique tool for chemical measurements

Salt De-Emulsification Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction and Back-Extraction Combined with Sweeping Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography for Detection of Triazine Herbicides in Honey

Magnetic Stirring-Assisted Dispersive Suspended Microextraction with Solidification of a Floating Organic Droplet for the Determination of Trace Fungicides in Water and Wine

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