Heratemis Walker (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Alysiinae: Alysiini): revision and reconstruction of the phylogeny combining molecular data and morphology.

Abstract

The genus Heratemis Walker, 1860 (Braconidae: Alysiinae Stephens, 1829) contains medium-sized parasitoids with conspicuously long antennae. The antennae are often nearly three times as long as the body and have a subapical white band in the females (Figs 8, 9). The genus has never been fully revised and its limits have been unknown for a long time. Wharton & Chou (1983) considerably expanded the definition of the genus in their review of the two species from Taiwan. Wharton (2002) described a new species from Australia and noted a close relationship

Isolation and Characterization of Wolbachia (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceace) from Several Economic Importance Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

“…Wolbachia have been proven to infect several economic importance parasitoids such as C. sesamiae (15), Asobara japonica (17,18) and others. In genus Asobara, Wolbachia is needed in oogenesis process, where females were dependent on Wolbachia to produce their oocytes (17).…”

Relationships between parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Opiinae), fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and their host plants based on 16S rRNA, 12S rRNA, and ND1 gene sequences

“…This is probably because the host plant for the fruit fly eggs and larvae also play an important role in guiding the opiines to their insect hosts [28,33]. Messing and Jang [34] and Tumlinson et al [35] also stated that volatile chemicals from the host plants, which emanated from the ripened fruits were guided female parasitoids to the crops. Other than that, Greany et al [36] also stated that the host searching behaviour of parasitoids is greatly influenced by chemicals produced by the plants rather than those produced by the Bactrocera hosts.…”

The genus Scirtothrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Malaysia, with four new species and comments on Biltothrips, a related genus

“…using a modified 'freezing method' introduced by Yaakop et al (2009), a method modified from DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, California, USA). The sample of the whole insect was soaked in 180 µl of buffer ATL + 20 µl of protenase K, and this was followed by 10 minutes incubation at 55°C before being stored in the freezer at -22°C overnight.…”

“…The primers used in the amplification of COI gene were of the design of Monteiro and Pierre (2000) (Table 1), and PCR was performed using the similar protocol as described by Rugman-Jones et al (2006). The DNA sequencing was done using the method described by Yaakop et al (2009). Scirtothrips bounites (GenBank: EU101006.1) and S. citri (GenBank: EU101005.1) were used as outgroup taxa in the phylogenetic analyses.…”