Hepatoprotective effects of cod liver oil against sodium nitrite toxicity in rats

Abstract

Context: Exposure to high levels of nitrites for a prolonged time have adverse health effects on several organs especially the liver due to oxidative properties. Meanwhile, cod liver oil has been reported to ameliorate organ dysfunction in animal models that involve oxidative stress. Objective: Examine the impact of dietary cod liver oil on sodium nitrite-induced liver damage. Materials and methods: Thirty-two adult male Sprague-Dawely rats were daily treated with sodium nitrite (80 mg/kg) in presence or absence of cod liver oil (5 ml/kg). Morphological changes were assessed in liver sections. Oxidative stress and antioxidant markers were measured in serum and liver homogenates. Liver samples were used for measurements of MCP-1, DNA fragmentation and mitochondrial function. Results: The hepatoprotective effect of cod liver oil was proved by significant reduction of elevated liver enzymes and normal appearance of hepatocytes. Cod liver oil significantly reduced hepatic malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion (224.3 AE 18.9 nmol/g, 59.3 AE 5.1 and 62.5 AE 5.1 mmol/g, respectively) compared with sodium nitrite (332.5 AE 25.5 nmol/g, 83.1 AE 8.1 and 93.9 AE 6.5 mmol/g, respectively). Cod liver oil restored hepatic cytochrome c oxidase activity after 38% reduction by sodium nitrite. Furthermore, cod liver oil significantly reduced hepatic MCP-1 (79.8 pg/mg) and DNA fragmentation (13.8%) compared with sodium nitrite (168.7 pg/mg and 41.3%, respectively). Discussion and conclusion: Cod liver oil ameliorates sodium nitrite induced hepatic impairment through several mechanisms including attenuation of oxidative stress, blocking MCP-1, reactivation of mitochondrial function and reduction of DNA fragmentation.

Regulating Effect Of Carnosine And /Or L- Arginine On The Expression Of Inflammatory Molecules Induced Nephropathy In The Hypoxic Rat Model

“…Several studies have found that the deleterious impact of the hypoxia induced by NaNO2 is associated with oxidative stress, inflammation and methaemogobenemia which may have the principle role of organ damage and dysfunction , including renal damage (Hassan et al 2009;El-Sheikh and Khalil 2011;Salama et al 2013;Al-Gayyar et al 2014). In parallel with previous investigation, the current study revealed that induction of hypoxia in rats caused renal damage and dysfunction as indicated by the elevations in serum renal damage markers, namely creatinine and urea compared with control rats (Hassan et al, 2009).…”

“…NaNO2 is highly reactive with hemoglobin causing methemoglobinemia , a condition in which there is a reduction in hemoglobin stability to transport oxygen leading to hypoxia (Craun et al 1981). The administration of sodium nitrite causes dysregulation of inflammation, hypoxia, ischemia , oxidative stress and impaired energy metabolism which finally aggravate organ damage , including renal damage (El-Sheikh and Khalil 2011;Salama et al 2013;Abu Aita and Mohammed 2014;Al-Gayyar et al 2014;. Previous studies have shown that many antioxidant compounds are able to reduce the inflammatory reactions, thereby reducing the risk of tissue injury and organ dysfunction (Ivanov et al 2008, Tsai et al 2010) L-Arginine is a basic natural amino acid and has important roles in many metabolic pathways within the human body.…”

Comparative protective effects of royal jelly and cod liver oil against neurotoxic impact of tartrazine on male rat pups brain

“…Also, CLO reduces cardio-metabolic risk factors (Abeywardena and Patten, 2011) and ameliorates cognitive impairment induced by chronic stress (Trofimiuk and Braszko, 2011). Moreover, it has anticancer (Dyck et al, 2011), hepatoprotective (Salama et al, 2013), antidepressant and anti-anxiety effects (Perveen et al, 2013).…”

Protective Effects of Fish Oil Omega-3 Supplement on Liver-related Biochemical Factors Changes Induced by Thioacetamide in Male Rats

“…De Meijer et al (2009) showed that emulsion based on fish oil prevents parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease 28 .Also, Khan et al (2015) demonstrated that fish and flax seed oil can protect against apoptosis, tissue damage and hepatotoxicity induced by nitric oxide; it can reduce lipid peroxidation and improve body's antioxidant system 29 .Other research showed that the cod liver oil improves hepatic damage induced by sodium nitrite via oxidative stress alleviation, and blocking of MCP-1 and mitochondrial functional response as well as reducing DNA fragmentation 30 .It was also found that due to the presence of the antioxidant compounds, Omega-3, lipid emulsion based on fish oil prevents liver diseases associated with intestinal failure 31 ,since omega-3 fatty acid improves the hepatic inflammatory responses by suppressing inflammatory cytokine production in hepatocytes. In addition, EPA reduces levels of TNF-a and IL-6 in the hepatocytes 32 ,and DHA improves hepatic injuries induced by valproate through reforming of oxidative stresses and inflammation without having any effect on plasma level of valproate 33 .Moreover, it has been shown that addition of fish oil supplement to parental diet reforms the increased levels of hepatic enzymes resulted from hepatic mal-function related to parental nutrition 34 .Studies have shown that 10% fish oil and 1 g% artichoke leaf can restore hepatocellular carcinoma in rats 35 .…”