Hepatoprotective Effect ofCitrus limonFruit Extract against Carbofuran Induced Toxicity in Wistar Rats

Abstract

Carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranol methylcarbamate), is known to induce oxidative stress and to cause inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity. The present work was envisaged to evaluate the effect of carbofuran on redox indices and its interactions with hepatic markers in rat. The ameliorating effect of Citrus limon fruit extract on carbofuran induced toxicity was also monitored. The results indicated that carbofuran treatment caused significant alterations in the levels of activities of AST, ALT, and LDH in liver tissues and serum. The levels of enzymatic oxidative stress markers such as SOD and catalase and nonenzymatic redox molecules such as total thiol, GSH, and protein thiol also showed significant perturbations in rat liver due to carbofuran treatment. The administration of Citrus limon fruit extract, however, was able to markedly ameliorate the toxicity of carbofuran by protecting the levels of aforesaid biomarkers to near normal levels. The ameliorative effect of Citrus limon fruit extract may be due to the presence of different antioxidants in it which may neutralize the ROS and RNS generated in the body tissue due to pesticide stress. These results suggested that Citrus limon fruit extract may be utilized as a potential supplement in proper management of pesticide intoxication in association with relevant therapeutics.

Investigations on Some Chemical Indices in Blood of Dogs After Experimental Acute Intoxication With the Carbamate Insecticide Carbofuran.

“…Our data are in line with those reported by Rizosetal. The observed hyper glycaemia was probably associated to hepato toxic effect for ganocarbamates, which caused structural and functional disturbances of liver (Agrawal and Sharma, 2010;Jaiswal et al, 2015) and resultant enhanced conversion of glycogen to blood glucose (Kaur and Sandhir, 2006). A cause for higher blood glucose concentrations could be also increased blood epinephrine level secondary to neurotoxic effect of carbamate insecticides (Rizos et al, 2004), which cause poisoning with severe excitation signs (seizures, convulsions, tremor, clonic spasms of muscles etc.)…”

“…Additionally, higher blood glucose could result from released endogenous insulin correlating to established morphological changes in the pancreatic tissue. (Rizos, et al, 2004).Simultaneously, glucagon synthesis rate increases, liver glycogen deceases and glycolysis rate becomes enhanced in result from the intoxication stress (Jaiswal et al, 2015). Gupta (1994) assumes that increased blood glucose after carbofuran intoxication could be related to enhanced lipid metabolism in the liver.…”

“…Increase blood urea concentrations of dogs treated at higher doses of carbofuran was probably due to inhibited protein synthesis and deamination of glucogenic amino acids. On the other hand, increase blood urea could be attributed to the nephrotoxic effect of OCC on renal parenchyma (Jaiswal et al, 2015), correlating to dystrophic and inflammatory morphological changes of the renal parenchyma (Zhelev, 2004), resulting in worsened capacity of kidneys for filtration of urea and creatinine from blood and their elimination with urine. (Kaur et al, 2012).…”

“…(2009) the observed changes could be due to increase in catecholamines, which stimulateli polysis proportionally to observed liver parenchyma changes and obstruction of bile ducts in the liver( Agrawal and Sharma, 2010; Gbadeges in et al, 2014) leading to impaired lipoprotein synthesis and to reduction or interruption of bile secretion in the duodenum, hence to higher blood serum cholesterol and cholestasis. Organo carbamates have a strong affinity to systemic fat depots (Jaiswal et al, 2015) and are capable to stimulate tissue lipogenesis via activation ofacetylCoA (precursor of cholesterol biosynthesis) causing fat dystrophy of visceral organs (Zaahkouk et al, 2000). Our results support the hypothes is that increased blood cholesterol and triglycerides were due to increased catecholamines consequently to then euro toxic effect of carbamate insecticides, rather than to impaired bile excretion.…”

“…At the same time, it is highly toxic (LD 50 <50 mg/kgm), has no specific odour, possesses a high biological activity against crop pests and preserves its toxicity in the environment for a long time (Gupta, 1994). These features, as well its broad use, create prerequisites for its occurrence in water, soil, foods of plant origin and explains the numerous cases of intoxications in animals and humans (Rizos et Some of blood changes occurring after experimental intoxications with carbofuran and other organo carbamates have been investigated in fish (Begum and Vijayaraghavan, 2001;Soufu, et al, 2007;Thoker, 2015) and rats (Kaur and Sandhir, 2006;Rai and Sharma, 2007;Rai et al, 2009;Kaur et al, 2012;Gbadegesinet al, 2014;Jaiswal et al, 2015), but no data are available in dogs.…”