Hepatoencephalopathy in a goat: clinical manifestation of an intrahepatic porto-systemic shunt

Humann-Ziehank, Esther; Bruegmann, Michael Ludwig; Ganter, Markus

doi:10.1016/s0921-4488(01)00238-3

Cited by 6 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…13,18 Spongy degeneration of the CNS due to hepatocerebral disease and/or hyperammonemia, characterized by diffuse or focal vacuolation, particularly of the white matter, has been reported in a number of young domestic animal species, including sheep, cattle, pigs, and goats. 2,12,29 In this study, serum bile acids were measured in 2 goats and these were elevated. Bile acids have been reported to be elevated in cases of severe liver disease 28 and in juvenile goats with a hepatic portosystemic shunt.…”

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confidence: 85%

Congenital portosystemic shunts and hepatic encephalopathy in goat kids in California

et al. 2014

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Between 1999 and 2012, 11 cases of congenital portosystemic shunts (cPSS) resulting in hepatic encephalopathy were diagnosed in goat kids necropsied at the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System and at the Department of Pathology, Immunology & Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis. Affected animals included 6 females and 5 males of various breeds including Boer (5/11), Nigerian Dwarf (1/11), Saanen (1/11), Toggenburg (1/11), and mixed-breed (3/11) aged between 1.5 months and 11 months, submitted live (2/11) or dead (9/11) for necropsy. The most frequent clinical signs in these goats were ataxia, blindness, tremors, head bobbing, head pressing, seizures, circling, weakness, and ill thrift. Bile acids were measured in 2 animals, and were elevated in both cases (134 and 209 µmol/l, reference interval = 0–50 µmol/l). Necropsy findings were poor to fair body condition. Grossly, the livers of 4 animals were subjectively small. Microscopic lesions included portal spaces with increased numbers of arteriolar profiles and hypoplastic or absent portal veins, diffuse atrophy of the hepatic parenchyma with the presence of small hepatocytes and, in some cases, multifocal hepatocellular macrovesicular vacuolation. In the brain and spinal cord of all animals, there was bilateral and symmetric spongy degeneration affecting the cerebrum, mesencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem, and cervical spinal cord. In all cases, the brain lesions were consistent with hepatic encephalopathy. Congenital portosystemic shunts should be considered in the differential diagnosis of young goats with a history of ill thrift, and nonspecific neurological signs.

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Congenital portosystemic shunts and hepatic encephalopathy in goat kids in California

et al. 2014

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“…Liver cirrhosis was reported in sheep (Kandeel et al, 2009). Furthermore, hepatic vascular anomalies, including portosystemic shunts, although infrequent in sheep, have been reported in goats (Humann-Ziehank et al 2001). In veterinary literature, there is a single report of hepatic adenocarcinoma in a ewe (Lofstedt et al 1988).…”

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confidence: 99%

Portal Vein Dopplerflowmetry in healthy sheep according to age

et al. 2017

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RESUMO.-[Dopplerfluxometria da veia portal em ovinos hígidos de acordo com a idade.] A ultrassonografia com Doppler pulsado foi utilizado para avaliar o fluxo sanguíneo portal, velocidade portal e índice de congestão portal em 24 ovinos saudáveis divididos em grupos (cordeiros, borregos e ovelhas), de acordo com a idade. As medições foram realizadas no 11 o espaço intercostal direito utilizando ângulo de insonação ideal e método de inclusão uniforme. Os valores médios obtidos em cada grupo foram comparados com ANOVA, seguido pelo teste post-hoc de Tukey. A velocidade portal e o fluxo de sangue portal foram estatisticamente semelhantes entre os grupos (P>0,05). A velocidade portal média foram 17,75; 17,13 e 16,75; enquanto o fluxo de sangue portal médios foram 26,65; 31,04 e 24,32 para cordeiros, borregos e ovelhas, respectivamente. O índice de congestão portal foi estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos e os valores para cordeiros, novilhos e ovelhas foram 0,009; 0,058 e 0,09, respectivamente (P<0.01). Observaram-se diferenças estatísticas nos diâmetros da veia porta, na área da veia porta e nos índices de congestão portal entre os grupos, provavelmente devido à influência do peso e não pela idade. TERMOS DE INDEXAÇÃO: Doppler, fígado, ovinos, ultrassonografia, veia porta.

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“…3,15 Extrahepatic shunts exist outside of the hepatic parenchyma and most commonly involve an anastomosis (or anastomoses) between the portal vein and caudal vena cava or the portal vein and azygous vein. 3,4,15 Large, singular extrahepatic and intrahepatic shunts are frequently recognized on gross examination, whereas smaller, peripheral, and branching shunts are often best appreciated through the use of antemortem imaging modalities, such as portography, computed tomography, ultrasound, and nuclear scintigraphy. 1,3,10,11,14,16 Microscopic changes to the liver typically associated with congenital macroscopic PSS in veterinary species consist of portal arteriolar hyperplasia (duplication), hepatocellular hypoplasia or atrophy, and portal venous hypoplasia or atrophy.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Elevated concentrations of bile acids or ammonia in the brain, cerebral spinal fluid, and serum support the diagnosis of portosystemic shunt. 2,4,13 The clinical pathology of animals diagnosed with HMD and microvascular shunts has generally been less striking than that of animals diagnosed with macroscopic PSS, and, in some cases, only mildly increased concentrations of serum bile acids or ammonia levels were reported in the absence of other abnormalities. 1,2,10,11 Hepatic encephalopathy, as mentioned earlier, can result from various causes of hepatic insufficiency.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…As such, whereas the ultimate cause of the liver lesions in these 2 goats must be limited to the generic diagnosis of portal vein hypoperfusion, it, nonetheless, is noted that the changes seen are consistent with PSS in the goat. 4 Based on the epidemiologic, clinical, and postmortem findings described in both goats, it is proposed that the origin of the hepatic abnormalities identified in these animals is likely to be congenital in nature. Furthermore, based on the observation that both of the affected kids shared a common sire, it is also suggested that this hepatic condition may be genetic as well.…”

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Hepatic Encephalopathy in Two Goat Kids with Common Paternity

et al. 2008

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Abstract. Two juvenile, intact, female mixed-breed goats from a common sire were presented for periodic neurologic deficits, seizures, and a generalized loss of body condition that occurred over a 4-6-week period. On physical examination, both goats were thin, obtunded, blind, and ataxic. Laboratory diagnostics revealed increased serum bile acids (95 mmol/l; reference interval: 0-50 mmol/l) in one of the goats. Both goats exhibited progressive physical and mental deterioration, and were eventually euthanized. Upon necropsy, no significant macroscopic lesions were noted. Microscopic examination, however, demonstrated hepatocellular atrophy and anomalies in the hepatic microvasculature, including duplication of hepatic arteries, small-to-indistinct portal veins, and oval cell hyperplasia. In addition, spongiform change was microscopically identified throughout the parenchyma of the brain, most notably within the white matter and along the junction of gray and white matter. The diagnosis of congenital portal vein hypoperfusion (suggestive of a portosystemic shunt) with resultant hepatic encephalopathy was proposed in each case based on the characteristic microscopic lesions in conjunction with the signalment and history of the goats. The observation that the affected kids were sired by the same buck suggests a hereditary basis for the condition in these animals as well.

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Hepatoencephalopathy in a goat: clinical manifestation of an intrahepatic porto-systemic shunt

Cited by 6 publications

References 6 publications

Congenital portosystemic shunts and hepatic encephalopathy in goat kids in California

Congenital portosystemic shunts and hepatic encephalopathy in goat kids in California

Portal Vein Dopplerflowmetry in healthy sheep according to age

Hepatic Encephalopathy in Two Goat Kids with Common Paternity

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