Hepatocrinology

Kalra, Sanjay; Bhattacharya, Saptarshi; Rawal, Pawan V

doi:10.3390/medsci9020039

Cited by 4 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 144 publications

(173 reference statements)

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“…Risk factors include advanced age, renal impairment, and the use of insulin, sulfonylureas, beta-blockers, or fibrates[ 19 ]. Hypoglycemia is more common during concurrent infections and is associated with high mortality rates[ 1 , 20 ]. Sarcopenia prevalence ranges from 30% to 70%, regardless of LC etiology, increasing with hepatic dysfunction severity and reaching 100% in liver transplant candidates[ 21 , 22 ].…”

Section: Search Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hepatocrinology is the field that investigates the bidirectional interaction between hepatic pathophysiology and the endocrine system[ 1 ]. This relationship was established over 70 years ago when cases of gynecomastia and hypogonadism were documented in patients with Laennec’s liver cirrhosis (LC).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pathological findings were also observed in their adrenal glands and pancreas[ 2 ]. The liver synthesizes hormones and hormone-transporting proteins[ 1 ] and plays a key role in the body’s metabolic detoxification[ 3 ]. Individuals with chronic liver diseases (CLD) often exhibit endocrinological disorders[ 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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From liver to hormones: The endocrine consequences of cirrhosis

Quiroz-Aldave,

Gamarra-Osorio,

Durand-Vásquez

et al. 2024

World J Gastroenterol

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Hepatocrinology explores the intricate relationship between liver function and the endocrine system. Chronic liver diseases such as liver cirrhosis can cause endocrine disorders due to toxin accumulation and protein synthesis disruption. Despite its importance, assessing endocrine issues in cirrhotic patients is frequently neglected. This article provides a comprehensive review of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of endocrine disturbances in liver cirrhosis. The review was conducted using the PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, and Scielo databases, encompassing 172 articles. Liver cirrhosis is associated with endocrine disturbances, including diabetes, hypoglycemia, sarcopenia, thyroid dysfunction, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, bone disease, adrenal insufficiency, growth hormone dysfunction, and secondary hyperaldosteronism. The optimal tools for diagnosing diabetes and detecting hypoglycemia are the oral glucose tolerance test and continuous glucose monitoring system, respectively. Sarcopenia can be assessed through imaging and functional tests, while other endocrine disorders are evaluated using hormonal assays and imaging studies. Treatment options include metformin, glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors, and insulin, which are effective and safe for diabetes control. Established standards are followed for managing hypoglycemia, and hormone replacement therapy is often necessary for other endocrine dysfunctions. Liver transplantation can address some of these problems.

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Section: Search Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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From liver to hormones: The endocrine consequences of cirrhosis

Quiroz-Aldave,

Gamarra-Osorio,

Durand-Vásquez

et al. 2024

World J Gastroenterol

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“…The liver is an essential organ with an array of functions, such as metabolism, detoxification, bile formation, hormone secretion, vitamin storage, and immunity 1,2 . The liver is also connected with nearly all the tissues in the body.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of long‐term simulated microgravity on liver metabolism in rhesus macaques

Zong

Wang

et al. 2022

The FASEB Journal

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The liver is an essential multifunctional organ and constantly communicates with nearly all the tissues in the body. Spaceflight or simulated microgravity has a significant impact on the livers of rodent models, including lipid accumulation and inflammatory cell infiltration. Whether similar liver lipotoxicity could occur in humans is not known, even though altered circulating cholesterol profile has been reported in astronauts. Using a 42‐day head‐down bed rest (HDBR) model in rhesus macaques, the present study investigated whether simulated microgravity alters the liver of non‐human primates at the transcriptome and metabolome levels. Its association with stress and intestinal changes was also explored. Compared to the controls, the HDBR monkeys showed mild liver injury, elevated ANGPTL3 level in the plasma, and accumulation of fat vacuoles and inflammatory cells in the liver. Altered transcriptome signatures with up‐regulation of genes in lipid metabolisms and down‐regulation of genes in innate immune defense were also found in HDBR group‐derived liver samples. The metabolic profiling of the liver revealed mildly disturbed fatty acid metabolism in the liver of HDBR monkeys. The intestinal dysbiosis, its associated endotoxemia and changes in the composition of bile acids, and elevated stress hormone in HDBR monkeys may contribute to the altered lipid metabolisms in the liver. These data indicate that liver metabolic functions and gut‐liver axis should be closely monitored in prolonged spaceflight to facilitate strategy design to improve and maintain metabolic homeostasis.

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“…One of the well-established hepatokines is the fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), which regulates hepatic and systemic homeostasis in response to environmental changes, such as diets, exercise, and cold exposure [4] . Moreover, the importance of other hepatokines, including Kisspeptin, Fetuin B, SerpinB1, Follistatin, Gpnmb, Tsukushi, SMOC1 and ORM2, has been identified in recent years [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] . In light of these, we may raise the question: are the hepatocytes novel endocrine cells?…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Are hepatocytes endocrine cells?

Lü¹,

Zheng²,

Wang³

2023

Metab Target Organ Damage

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While exocrine glands secrete substances onto an epithelial surface through the ducts, endocrine glands are ductless and secrete their products directly into blood or lymph. These secretions are produced by specific cells, which either live in groups to form specific organs or tissues, called endocrine glands or endocrine organs, or scattered in other organs, such as cells secreting gastrointestinal hormones in gastrointestinal mucosa. These secretions were initially named "hormones" by two British physiologists -William Mortlock Bayliss and Ernest Henry Starling, in the early 20th century. Hormones enter target cells of distant organs through blood circulation and exert their unique biological effects through either binding with their membrane receptors to activate intracellular second messengers, such as protein kinases and calcium, or interacting with nuclear receptors, leading to changes in the expression and/or activity of target genes at the transcription and/or protein modification levels. Traditional endocrine organs are hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreatic islets, testis (male), and ovary (female). Due to the discovery of Leptin in 1994 and subsequent molecules such as Adiponectin and Resistin, adipose tissue, which stores triglyceride and energy, is also considered as an endocrine organ.

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Hepatocrinology

Cited by 4 publications

References 144 publications

From liver to hormones: The endocrine consequences of cirrhosis

From liver to hormones: The endocrine consequences of cirrhosis

Effects of long‐term simulated microgravity on liver metabolism in rhesus macaques

Are hepatocytes endocrine cells?

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