Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Part 1: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Pathogenesis, and Pathology

Abstract

This review will cover the epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, and pathology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in males and second most frequent cancer-related cause of mortality worldwide. In females, it is the seventh most frequently diagnosed malignancy and sixth leading cause of death. The incidence of HCC is higher among males in less developed countries and reaches a peak around the age of 70 years. The rates of liver cancer are twice as high in males compared to females.1,2 Various risk factors, including environmental, infectious, nutritional, and metabolic, are associated with HCC; among them viral infection has been linked to being the highest risk factor for developing HCC. HCC is a highly vascular tumour and its pathogenesis consists of increasing angiogenesis by overexpression of various growth factors. Another cause of HCC development is thought to be mutations in different signalling pathways that lead to proliferation of the tumour cells.

Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Risk Factors and Diagnosis

“…Apapun faktor penyebab hepatokarsinoma, peningkatan perputaran (turnover) sel hati yang diinduksi oleh cedera (injury) dan regenerasi kronik dalam bentuk inflamasi dan kerusakan oksidatif DNA menjadi penyebab terjadinya transformasi maligna hepatosit. Hal tersebut dapat menimbulkan perubahan genetik, seperti perubahan kromosom, aktivasi onkogen selular atau inaktivasi gen supresor tumor (Charach et al, 2017).…”