Hepatocellular carcinoma: metastatic pathways and extra-hepatic findings

Arora, Sandeep; Harmath, Carla; Catania, Roberta; Mandler, Ari; Fowler, Kathryn J.; Borhani, Amir A.

doi:10.1007/s00261-021-03151-3

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Metastasis is the most lethal aspect of cancer, due to the challenges in treating the metastasis and spread of cancer to key organs. Among them, hematogenous metastasis is usually the main cause of death related to HCC, and the most common sites of hematogenous metastases are lung (in up to 60% of patients who have metastatic disease) and bone (in up to 40% of patients) [ 44 , 45 ]. The intravenous injection (tail vein injection) method is frequently used to generate lung metastasis models [ 46 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cathelicidin LL-37 promotes EMT, migration and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and mouse model

Zhang

Xiang

Yang

et al. 2023

Cell Adhesion & Migration

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The effect of cathelicidin hCAP18/LL-37 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastasis remains unclear. Here, we confirmed that LL-37 expression enhanced endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration and invasion in HCC cells. And the HER2/EGFR-MAPK/ERK signal participated in the process above. More frequent lung metastases were observed in an LL-37-overexpressing hematogenous metastasis model. Interestingly, 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 together with si-LL-37 significantly enhanced 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -induced inhibition of migration and invasion in PLC/PRF-5 cells, and also enhanced reversion of the EMT process. Therefore, LL-37 is involved in HCC metastases, and may act as an important factor to attenuate the inhibitory activity of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 on HCC metastasis. Targeting hCAP18/LL-37 may offer a potential strategy to improve the anticancer activity of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 in HCC therapy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cathelicidin LL-37 promotes EMT, migration and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and mouse model

Zhang

Xiang

Yang

et al. 2023

Cell Adhesion & Migration

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“…Recently, PET-CT has been used so that small-sized early metastatic HCC will not be overlooked[ 7 ]. Extrahepatic metastasis occurs mainly in the lungs, lymph nodes, bones, adrenal glands, peritoneum, and omentum through direct invasion, vascular spread, or lymphatic spread[ 2 - 6 ]. The lung as the most metastatic site of HCC can be metastasized from the liver due to hematogenous spread through the pulmonary capillary network.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main routes of metastasis are vascular and lymphatic spread. Other routes such as spread through the bile duct and direct invasion are also possible[ 2 , 4 - 6 ]. However, metastasis of HCC into the urinary bladder is very rare.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare case of hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis to urinary bladder: A case report

Kim¹,

Kim²,

Yoo³

et al. 2022

WJCC

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BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary liver cancer with high prevalence and mortality. There are many cases of advanced HCC at the time of diagnosis. Treatment methods and prognosis are different depends on whether metastasis is present. Thus, it is necessary to make an accurate evaluation at the time of diagnosis. Extrahepatic metastases of HCC usually occur through hematogenous spread or through adjacent organs such as the peritoneum. Metastasis to the urinary bladder alone is rare. Here, we report a rare case of biopsy-proven solitary metastasis of HCC to the bladder in a 60-year-old woman. CASE SUMMARY A 60-year-old female patient was found to be positive for hepatitis B surface antigen by chance after abdominal ultrasonography showed abnormal findings. Thus, liver dynamic computed tomography (CT) was performed. The patient visited the hospital for further examination. Ultrasound and CT showed 3.6 cm sized arterial enhancing mass in segment 5 and an infiltrative mass in segment 8. The patient was diagnosed with HCC through liver dynamic magnetic resonance imaging and liver biopsy. Afterwards, she underwent two transcatheter arterial chemoembolizations within five months for HCC. During follow-up, a newly appeared bladder tumor was found on liver dynamic CT. She underwent transurethral resection of the bladder tumor for diagnosis and treatment. The tissue was confirmed as metastatic HCC. CONCLUSION Although rare, metastasis to urinary bladder from HCC can occur without evidence of other distant metastases. Thus, regular follow-up imaging examination and clinical attention are required.

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“…Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary tumour of the liver and typically develops in the setting of chronic liver disease. In approximately 15% of cases, extrahepatic metastases are present at the time of diagnosis, and the most frequent site of extrahepatic metastases is in the lungs 1,2 . However, only a few cases of endobronchial metastases (EBM) have been reported 3 and the majority of the secondary deposits are found in the pulmonary parenchyma.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bilateral endobronchial metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): A case report with literature review

Koay

Lee

et al. 2023

Respirology Case Reports

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Hepatocellular carcinoma: metastatic pathways and extra-hepatic findings

Cited by 12 publications

References 56 publications

Cathelicidin LL-37 promotes EMT, migration and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and mouse model

Cathelicidin LL-37 promotes EMT, migration and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and mouse model

Rare case of hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis to urinary bladder: A case report

Bilateral endobronchial metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): A case report with literature review

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