Hepatobronchial Fistula following Multiple-session Doxorubicin-eluting Bead Chemoembolization in a Large Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Bronchopleural phrenic fistula caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus pneumonia

“…In 1977, cases of bronchobiliary fistula and BPF were first reported during postoperative stricture of the bile duct (7). Many cases of hepatobronchial fistula caused by liver abscess, carcinoma, and parasites have been reported (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). By contrast, the case reported here was not associated with hepatobiliary disease.…”