Hepatitis E Virus Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors in Apparently Healthy Individuals from Osun State, Nigeria

Osundare, Folakemi Abiodun; Klink, Patrycja; Majer, Catharina; Akanbi, Olusola Anuoluwapo; Wang, Bo; Faber, Mirko; Harms, Dominik; Bock, C.‐Thomas; Opaleye, Oluyinka Oladele

doi:10.3390/pathogens9050392

Cited by 9 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Kunasol et al (1998) , whose study was conducted in Southeast Asia, also documented that exposure to waterborne viral pathogens decreased with an improvement in living standards. Similar results were also reported by Osundare et al (2020) , Salman (2017) , and Potgieter et al (2010) , who observed an increase in waterborne viral infections between populations with the low standard of living, thus recommending that prompt actions should be taken to improve the living standards in the study areas.…”

Section: Socioeconomic Inequality Due To Virus-associated Water Pollusupporting

confidence: 88%

Assessment of socioeconomic inequality based on virus-contaminated water usage in developing countries: A review

Adelodun

Ajibade

Ighalo

et al. 2021

Environmental Research

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Water is an essential resource required for various human activities such as drinking, cooking, and other recreational activities. While developed nations have made significant improvement in providing adequate quality water and sanitation devoid of virus contaminations to a significant percentage of the residences, many of the developing countries are still lacking in these regards, leading to many death cases among the vulnerable due to ingestion of virus-contaminated water and other waterborne pathogens. However, the recent global pandemic of COVID-19 seems to have changed the paradigm by reawakening the importance of water quality and sanitation, and focusing more attention on the pervasive effect of the use of virus-contaminated water as it can be a potential driver for the spread of the virus and other waterborne diseases, especially in developing nations that are characterized by low socioeconomic development. Therefore, this review assessed the socioeconomic inequalities related to the usage of virus-contaminated water and other waterborne pathogens in developing countries. The socioeconomic factors attributed to the various waterborne diseases due to the use of virus-contaminated water in many developing countries are poverty, the standard of living, access to health care facilities, age, gender, and level of education. Some mitigation strategies to address the viral contamination of water sources are therefore proposed, while future scope and recommendations on tackling the essential issues related to socioeconomic inequality in developing nations are highlighted.

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Section: Socioeconomic Inequality Due To Virus-associated Water Pollusupporting

confidence: 88%

Assessment of socioeconomic inequality based on virus-contaminated water usage in developing countries: A review

Adelodun

Ajibade

Ighalo

et al. 2021

Environmental Research

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show abstract

“…This study showed an overall prevalence of HEV to be 21.7%. This is higher than the 12.2% overall prevalence of anti-HEV reported by Odaibo and Olaleye [36] in Ibadan, Nigeria, the 15.0% and 3.8% reported previously for anti-HEV total and IgM antibodies, respectively in Osun State, Nigeria [2]. The rate of anti-HEV IgG/IgM antibodies was higher among butchers (27.5%), followed by non-animal handlers (18.9%) and the least was among the pig handlers (14.3%) while the two IgM positive persons were butchers and non-animal handlers.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 64%

“…Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is an important public health problem [1]. It is a major public health concern in low-income countries, yet incidence and prevalence estimates are often lacking (2). HEV infection has been identified as a major cause of enterically transmitted acute sporadic hepatitis [1] in Nigeria especially in the adult age group.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis E Virus among Animal Handlers and Non-Animal Handlers in Osun State, Nigeria

Gidado

Osundare

Okonko

et al. 2020

AJARR

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Aim: Increase in the epidemiological information is important for effective control of hepatitis E virus (HEV). This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of HEV among butchers, pig handlers and non-animal handlers in Osun State, Nigeria. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Molecular Biology Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Isale Osun, Osogbo, Nigeria, between June 2015 and July 2019. Methods: A total of 180 blood samples were obtained and screened for HEV from cohorts of 90 animal handlers (69 butchers and 21 pig handlers) and 90 non-animal handlers. Questionnaires on HEV were administered to obtain a demographic characteristic of the participants. Anti-hepatitis E viruses were also screened using HEV ELISA kit. Results: Results showed an overall prevalence of HEV to be 21.7%. The rate of anti-HEV IgG/IgM antibodies was higher among butchers (27.5%), followed by non-animal handlers (18.9%) and was least among the pig handlers (14.3%) while the two IgM positive persons were butchers and non-animal handlers. However, 39(21.7%) of the 180 samples were positive for either anti-HEV IgG antibodies (37/180, 20.6%) or anti-HEV IgM (2/180, 1.1%). Also, the rate of anti-HEV IgG antibodies was higher among butchers (26.1%), followed by non-animal handlers (17.8%) and the pig handlers (14.3%) had the least. The two IgM positive persons were butchers (1.4%), non-animal handlers (1.1%) and pig handlers had a zero prevalence. There was no statistical significance in the prevalence of HEV IgG and HEV IgM in animal handlers as compared to non-animal handlers (P > 0.05). One (1.4%) of the butchers and 1 (1.1%) of non-animal handlers showed evidence of recent HEV infection by being positive to HEV IgM. Sources of drinking water were the only HEV predisposition factor for HEV (P =0.023). Conclusion: This study reported an acute HEV infection in a butcher and a non-animal handler in Osun State, Nigeria. No prevalence rates of acute HEV infection was observed among pig handlers in Osun State, Nigeria. The study also showed a low prevalence of anti-HEV IgG antibodies among these study populations. Proper hygiene is recommended for further reduction in HEV transmission in Nigeria. Aim: Increase in the epidemiological information is important for effective control of hepatitis E virus (HEV). This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of HEV among butchers, pig handlers and non-animal handlers in Osun State, Nigeria. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Molecular Biology Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Isale Osun, Osogbo, Nigeria, between June 2015 and July 2019. Methods: A total of 180 blood samples were obtained and screened for HEV from cohorts of 90 animal handlers (69 butchers and 21 pig handlers) and 90 non-animal handlers. Questionnaires on HEV were administered to obtain a demographic characteristic of the participants. Anti-hepatitis E viruses were also screened using HEV ELISA kit. Results: Results showed an overall prevalence of HEV to be 21.7%. The rate of anti-HEV IgG/IgM antibodies was higher among butchers (27.5%), followed by non-animal handlers (18.9%) and was least among the pig handlers (14.3%) while the two IgM positive persons were butchers and non-animal handlers. However, 39(21.7%) of the 180 samples were positive for either anti-HEV IgG antibodies (37/180, 20.6%) or anti-HEV IgM (2/180, 1.1%). Also, the rate of anti-HEV IgG antibodies was higher among butchers (26.1%), followed by non-animal handlers (17.8%) and the pig handlers (14.3%) had the least. The two IgM positive persons were butchers (1.4%), non-animal handlers (1.1%) and pig handlers had a zero prevalence. There was no statistical significance in the prevalence of HEV IgG and HEV IgM in animal handlers as compared to non-animal handlers (P > 0.05). One (1.4%) of the butchers and 1 (1.1%) of non-animal handlers showed evidence of recent HEV infection by being positive to HEV IgM. Sources of drinking water were the only HEV predisposition factor for HEV (P =0.023). Conclusion: This study reported an acute HEV infection in a butcher and a non-animal handler in Osun State, Nigeria. No prevalence rates of acute HEV infection was observed among pig handlers in Osun State, Nigeria. The study also showed a low prevalence of anti-HEV IgG antibodies among these study populations. Proper hygiene is recommended for further reduction in HEV transmission in Nigeria.

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“…This study is thus positing a possible increase in hepatitis E prevalence in SW Nigeria in recent times, however, a single study may not be sufficient to conclude on this, hence the need for further studies spanning some years. From this study, state based HEV occurence rate showed the highest prevalence of 13.6% in Osun state compared to a recent study which reported a prevalence of 3.8% (Osundare et al, 2020). On the other hand, Ekiti State showed the lowest occurrence of 6.13% compared to 13.4% (25/186) reported by Adesina et al (2009).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 48%

Hepatitis E Virus Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and associated risk factors in southwest, Nigeria

Adesina¹,

Shodunke²,

Adedara³

et al. 2021

ijs

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Hepatitis E is one of the most frequent causes of acute hepatitis worldwide, with an estimated 20 million infections and 70,000 deaths attributed to hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotypes 1 and 2 every year. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of HEV immunoglobulin M (IgM) in southwest (SW) Nigeria. Venous blood samples totalling 359 were collected from pregnant women on routine check, apparently healthy prospective blood donors and sick individuals presenting with fever and abdominal disturbance from health facilities in Ekiti, Lagos, Osun and Oyo states, of Nigeria. A structured questionnaire form was administered to gather socio-demographic data, health and travel history from each consenting participant. The screening for HEV IgM was done using HEV IgM ELISA kit. Statistical analyses, including descriptive analysis, correlations and binary logistic regression were carried out using SPSS version 21. In all, 131 samples (36.5%) tested positive for HEV IgM. Osun state had the highest occurrence of HEV IgM (n = 49; 13.6%,) while Ekiti had the least (n= 22; 6.1%). Apparently healthy participants with detectable HEV IgM were 52 (14.5%) while pregnant womenwere 51 (14.2%). Risk factors implicated in this study were flooding and injection drug use. The overall HEV prevalence reported in this study was higher than previous reports in Nigeria . Higher HEV prevalence in this study could be due to a larger coverage area in the country as well as detection of ongoing infection. The detection of HEV IgM in pregnant women and apparently healthy prospective blood donors indicated ongoing infection with risk of spread to susceptibles since HEV is neither routinely screened for among pregnant women nor among prospective blood donors. Keywords: Hepatitis E, IgM, Pregnancy, Apparently healthy, ELISA Depth, Geothermal Energy

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Hepatitis E Virus Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors in Apparently Healthy Individuals from Osun State, Nigeria

Cited by 9 publications

References 41 publications

Assessment of socioeconomic inequality based on virus-contaminated water usage in developing countries: A review

Assessment of socioeconomic inequality based on virus-contaminated water usage in developing countries: A review

Hepatitis E Virus among Animal Handlers and Non-Animal Handlers in Osun State, Nigeria

Hepatitis E Virus Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and associated risk factors in southwest, Nigeria

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