Hepatitis E virus infection in wild mongooses of Okinawa, Japan: Demonstration of anti-HEV antibodies and a full-genome nucleotide sequence☆

Nakamura, Masaji; Takahashi, Kazuaki; Taira, Katsuya; Taira, Masakatsu; Ohno, Atsushi; Sakugawa, Hiroshi; Arai, Masahiro; Mishiro, Shunji

doi:10.1016/j.hepres.2005.10.010

Cited by 146 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The strains were divided into 4 genotypes as described in a previous report [17]. All 4 23 HEV INFECTION IN WILD BOARS AND PIGS strains detected in the present study were classified into genotype III, which includes several genotypes of Japanese domestic animals previously reported [8,11,12,20,23,28,31]. The sequences of the 2 pigs (PG05-01 and PG05-02) from farm H were identical (AB362371 and AB362372) but were different from that for farm M by approximately 0.11, while the distances of the wild boar sequence (AB362374) from the sequences of boars from farms H and M were 0.1 and 0.07, respectively.…”

Section: Prevalence Of Hev Infection In Wild Boars In Gunma Prefecturementioning

confidence: 93%

Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Infection in Wild Boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax) and Pigs in Gunma Prefecture, Japan

Sakano

Morita

Shiono³

et al. 2009

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. The prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in wild boars and pigs in Gunma Prefecture, Japan, was serologically and genetically examined. The positive detection rates of anti-HEV IgG and HEV RNA in the wild boars were 4.5% (4/89) and 1.1% (1/ 89), whereas those in the pigs were 74.6% (126/169) and 1.8% (3/169), respectively. The positive rates of anti-HEV IgG and HEV RNA on the 17 pig farms in the present study ranged from 20% to 100%, respectively. One male wild boar approximately 5 years of age was positive for HEV RNA but was negative for anti-HEV IgG. Three pigs from 2 farms were positive for HEV RNA; 2 of these pigs were negative for HEV IgG, and the other was positive. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that all of the HEV ORF1 genes detected in the present study belonged to genotype III. In Gunma Prefecture, HEV is highly prevalent and widespread, and uncooked wild boar and pig meat may have the potential to transmit HEV to humans. KEY WORDS: hepatitis E virus, Japan, swine, wild boar.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 71(1): 21-25, 2009 Hepatitis E virus (HEV), which belongs to the genus Hepevirus, is the causative agent of hepatitis E. Hepatitis E infection has been found in many developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, where the disease is an important public health concern [15]. HEV is primarily transmitted by the fecal-oral route such as in waterborne epidemics.Recent studies have suggested that HEV is divided into 4 genotypes designated as G I, G II, G III, and G IV [17]. The HEV infections in Asia and Africa are mainly caused by G I, and the majority of the GII infection have been reported in Mexico and Nigeria. On the other hand, only a single case of infection with GIII or GIV has been described in the United States, European counties, Argentina, Taiwan and China [17,21,22]. In Japan, most imported cases with G I have derived from epidemic areas such as Asia and Africa [2]; however, G III or G IV has also been detected in acute hepatitis patients who have never traveled to HEV epidemic areas [6,8,13,14,20,21,24,29]. These patients often have a history of consuming uncooked wild boar (Sus scrofa leucomystax) and sika deer (Cervus nippon) meat and liver [5,27,28]. Also, HEV strains belonging to G I, G III or G IV have been detected in Japanese patients with sporadic acute or fulminate hepatitis E [8, 9, 19-22, 24, 31]. In addition, Yazaki et al. [31] reported that HEV RNA has been detected in 2% (7/363 packages) of sold pig liver on the market by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).In Japan, it has been suggested that the transmission route of HEV remains unclear in approximately 60% of infected patients [1]; zoonotic food-borne transmissions account for 30%, imported infection accounts for 8% and blood transfusion is responsible for 2%. In Gunma Prefecture, Japan, approximately 3,000 wild boars are annually slaughtered for meat [unpublished data], and the number of breeding pigs in the prefecture was approximately 6 million in 2005. According to the Gunma Pre...

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Section: Prevalence Of Hev Infection In Wild Boars In Gunma Prefecturementioning

confidence: 93%

Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Infection in Wild Boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax) and Pigs in Gunma Prefecture, Japan

Sakano

Morita

Shiono³

et al. 2009

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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“…Genotypes 3 and 4 have been isolated from many species, including pigs, wild boars, deer, rats (Rattus spp. ), rabbits (Leporidae), mongooses (Herpestidae), and horses (Equus ferus caballus) (Meng et al 1997;Nakamura et al 2006;Saad et al 2007;Geng et al 2010;Johne et al 2010;Cossaboom et al 2011).…”

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confidence: 99%

High Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus in Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan

Hara

Terada

Yonemitsu

et al. 2014

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes a food-and water-borne disease in humans, and Japanese wild boar (Sus scrofa leucomystax) meat is one of the most important sources of infection in Japan. We tested 113 serum samples from wild boar captured in Shimonoseki City, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan from 2010 to 2012. Serum samples were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using virus-like particles as antigen and nested reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR). Anti-HEV IgG antibodies were detected in 47 of the 113 wild boar serum samples (42%), and HEV RNA was detected in five samples (4%). Sequence analysis showed that the five HEV isolates belonged to genotype 4, forming a cluster with a previous isolate from a human hepatitis E case in this region in 2011. These results indicate that wild boar in this region are infected with potentially pathogenic HEV at a high prevalence.

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“…Genotype 3 HEV can be isolated not only from infected humans but is known to be zoonotic and has also been isolated from domestic swine and wild boars, wild deer, mongoose, and rabbits. 6,7,9,11,19,20 The rivers were probably contaminated with HEV by human or animal excrement, or both.…”

Section: -12mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Detection of Hepatitis E Virus in Rivers in the Philippines

Li¹,

Yang²,

Shiota³

et al. 2014

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. To understand the hepatitis E virus (HEV)-pollution status in the environment in the Philippines, a total of 12 water samples were collected from rivers in Manila City for detection of HEV RNA. Three of 12 samples were positive for HEV RNA indicating that HEV is circulating in the Philippines. Phylogenetic analysis classified all of the HEV sequences into genotype 3.Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the genus Hepevirus in the family Hepeviridae.1-3 The HEV is the causative agent of acute or fulminant hepatitis E, primarily transmitted by the fecal-oral route. 4 The relatively high mortality rate in HEV-infected pregnant women, up to 28%, is unique among hepatitis viruses.1,5 Hepatitis E is a zoonotic disease, with swine, wild boars, and wild deer serving as the reservoir for human infections.6-8 Four genotypes of HEV (G1-G4) have been detected in humans and G3 and G4 HEV are responsible for sporadic and autochthonous infections in both humans and other animal species worldwide. 9-12The HEV is a public health concern in many Asian and African countries where sanitation conditions are insufficient. 13,14 Large waterborne outbreaks with high attack rates among young adults have been described in regions characterized by poor sanitary conditions in countries such as China, India, Somalia, and Uganda. 15 However, there have been no reports of HEV infection in the Philippines. No information about hepatitis E patients or HEV infection in animals has been reported, and no sequence data have been deposited from this country. There is also no report of the HEV-pollution status of the environmental sewage water. With the hypothesis that environmental water samples may reflect the prevalence of HEV circulation, we examined river water samples to investigate HEV in the environment in one of the most densely populated cities in the world, Manila City, a metropolitan area in the Philippines with over 10 million residents.A total of 12 water samples were collected from rivers that run through Manila City. Six sampling sites were selected (Figure 1). Sampling sites 1 to 3 were in the Pasig River, sites 4 and 5 were in the Paranaque River, and site 6 was in the Las Pinas River. These rivers receive the wastewater from the residents nearby. Water samples were drawn at all locations during both the dry season (December 23, 2012) and the wet season (July 23, 2013), and were named D1 to D6 and W1 to W6, respectively. The water samples were kept at 4 C during transport.The concentration and purification of these water samples was carried out as described previously 16 ; briefly, 500 mL of water was collected from each sampling site, and centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 30 min at 4 C. Then, 2.5 mM MgCl 2 was added to the supernatant to a final concentration of 0.05 mM. The pH value was adjusted to 3.5. The solution was filtered through a 0.45-μm mixed cellulose ester membrane filter (Merck Millipore, Tokyo, Japan) by a positive-pressure pump. Absorbents on the filter were then ...

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Hepatitis E virus infection in wild mongooses of Okinawa, Japan: Demonstration of anti-HEV antibodies and a full-genome nucleotide sequence☆

Cited by 146 publications

References 10 publications

Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Infection in Wild Boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax) and Pigs in Gunma Prefecture, Japan

Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Infection in Wild Boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax) and Pigs in Gunma Prefecture, Japan

High Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus in Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan

Molecular Detection of Hepatitis E Virus in Rivers in the Philippines

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