Hepatitis E virus infection in high-risk populations in Osun State, Nigeria

Osundare, Folakemi Abiodun; Klink, Patrycja; Akanbi, Olusola Anuoluwapo; Wang, Bo; Harms, Dominik; Ojurongbe, Olusola; Ajayi, Moses Adedapo; Babaranti, Emmanuel Oluwagbenga; Bock, C.‐Thomas; Opaleye, Oluyinka Oladele

doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100256

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…They visit waste heaps and stagnant or flowing water bodies thereby contaminating such areas with feces and urine. This system predisposes swine to diverse infections including HEV and thus facilitates subsequent transmission to humans, especially in environments where there are close association of swine and people (19,28). This detection in poultry birds could also result in commercial chicken farmers incurring losses in their businesses (41).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular detection of hepatitis E virus among swine and poultry birds in Lagos, Nigeria

Salu,

Mutiu,

Etok

et al. 2024

Af J Clin Exp Micro

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Background: Hepatitis E virus (HEV), the only hepatitis virus that replicates in humans and a wide range of animal hosts, is a significant public health enteric virus with a growing trend of infection globally. The public and environmental implications associated with HEV as a zoonotic transmitted virus remain to be fully elucidated. Thus, with the limited information on HEV in other species other than humans in Nigeria, this study aimed to detect by molecular methods HEV among some livestock in Lagos, Nigeria.Methodology: A cross-sectional study of 172 (42.0%) poultry birds aged between 5 and 18 months, and 238 (58.0%) swine aged between 2 and 18 months purposively selected from Ojo, Ikorodu and Agege Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Lagos State, Nigeria between November 2017 and July 2019 was conducted. A total of 410 non-repetitive stool samples collected were analysed by molecular technique for the detection of HEV RNA. Descriptive statistics were computed for all relevant data. The association between gender and age with HEV RNA positivity was tested using Chi-square. All significant associations were recorded at p≤0.05.Results: On the overall, 15 (3.7%) of the 410 stool samples were positive for HEV RNA with 5 (2.9%) and 10 (4.2%) of the 172 and 238 poultry birds and swine respectively. More female livestock (6.0%) had detectable HEV RNA than their male counterparts (1.0%) and the infection clustered majorly among age groups 1-6 months, and 7-12 months with a detection rate of 9.3%, 3.2% and 5.6%, 3.2% for both the swine and poultry birds respectively. Approximately 11.1% of the swine and 5.0% of the poultry birds’ samples from Ikorodu LGA were positive for HEV RNA. Only 3.0% of the swine samples from Ojo LGA had detected HEV RNA. No sample from Agege LGA had detectable HEV RNA.Conclusion: The detection of HEV in both the swine and poultry birds in Lagos, Nigeria further confirms the endemicity of HEV and a cause for public health concern regarding the epidemiology of HEV in Nigeria. There is an urgent need for active and continuous surveillance to further detect and subtype the circulating HEV among livestock to prevent the advent of virulent strains that may be transmitted to handlers and the community at large. Contexte: Le virus de l'hépatite E (VHE), le seul virus de l'hépatite qui se réplique chez l'homme et chez un large éventail d'hôtes animaux, est un virus entérique important pour la santé publique avec une tendance croissante d'infection à l'échelle mondiale. Les implications publiques et environnementales associées au VHE en tant que virus transmis par des zoonoses restent à élucider pleinement. Ainsi, compte tenu des informations limitées sur le VHE chez d'autres espèces autres que les humains au Nigeria, cette étude visait à détecter par des méthodes moléculaires le VHE chez certains animaux d'élevage à Lagos, au Nigeria. Méthodologie: Une étude transversale portant sur 172 (42,0%) volailles âgées de 5 à 18 mois et 238 (58,0%) porcs âgés de 2 à 18 mois, sélectionnés à dessein dans les zones de gouvernement local (LGA) d'Ojo, Ikorodu et Agege de L’État de Lagos, au Nigéria, a été mené entre novembre 2017 et juillet 2019. Au total, 410 échantillons de selles non répétitifs collectés ont été analysés par technique moléculaire pour la détection de l'ARN du VHE. Des statistiques descriptives ont été calculées pour toutes les données pertinentes. L’association entre le sexe et l’âge avec la positivité de l’ARN du VHE a été testée à l’aide du chi carré. Toutes les associations significatives ont été enregistrées à p≤0,05. Résultats: Au total, 15 (3,7%) des 410 échantillons de selles étaient positifs pour l'ARN du VHE, dont 5 (2,9%) et 10 (4,2%) des 172 et 238 volailles et porcs respectivement. Un plus grand nombre de femelles (6,0%) présentaient un ARN du VHE détectable que leurs homologues mâles (1,0 %) et l'infection se concentrait principalement dans les tranches d'âge de 1 à 6 mois et de 7 à 12 mois avec un taux de détection de 9,3%, 3,2% et 5,6%, 3,2% respectivement pour les porcs et les volailles. Environ 11,1% des échantillons de porcs et 5,0% des échantillons de volailles de la LGA d’Ikorodu étaient positifs pour l’ARN du VHE. Seulement 3,0% des échantillons porcins d’Ojo LGA avaient détecté l’ARN du VHE. Aucun échantillon d’Agege LGA ne contenait d’ARN du VHE détectable. Conclusion: La détection du VHE chez les porcs et les volailles à Lagos, au Nigeria, confirme en outre l'endémicité du VHE et une source de préoccupation pour la santé publique concernant l'épidémiologie du VHE au Nigeria. Il existe un besoin urgent d'une surveillance active et continue pour détecter et sous-typer le VHE en circulation parmi le bétail afin de prévenir l'avènement de souches virulentes susceptibles d'être transmises aux manipulateurs et à la communauté dans son ensemble.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Nigeria, varying prevalences of HEV infections have also been documented in different States; Jos-42.7% (23); Oyo-1.7% (24); Ekiti-13.4% (25); Osun-43% (26) and Lagos-17.8% (27). These infections have mostly been linked to human populations (9,17,28,29). Just a few studies have documented HEV in animals in Nigeria (17).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular detection of hepatitis E virus among swine and poultry birds in Lagos, Nigeria

Salu,

Mutiu,

Etok

et al. 2024

Af J Clin Exp Micro

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“…In contrast to European countries, HEV transmission in Africa has traditionally been associated with large outbreaks caused by contaminated water consumption and inadequate sanitation practices ( Bagulo et al, 2018 ; Desai et al, 2022 ). Consequently, individuals in rural areas with deficient sanitation and limited access to safe drinking water are likely at the highest risk of HEV infection ( Mbachu et al, 2021 ; Osundare et al, 2021 ). Among villagers, the prevalence of HEV IgG was 8.7%, which closely resembled the prevalence observed in students (9.0%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Butchering activity is the main risk factor for hepatitis E virus (Paslahepevirus balayani) infection in southwestern Nigeria: a prospective cohort study

Oluremi,

Casares-Jimenez,

Opaleye

et al. 2023

Front. Microbiol.

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IntroductionPaslahepevirus balayani (Hepatitis E virus; HEV) is an emerging virus that poses as a public health threat. The virus is now reported to be the leading cause of acute viral hepatitis, with a unique impact on African settings. Our aim was to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors for HEV infection in three cohorts (animal handlers, villagers, and students).MethodsA prospective cross-sectional study was carried out on a total of 752 subjects from southwestern Nigeria. In all individuals, anti-HEV IgG and anti-HEV IgM antibodies were evaluated by using ELISA (confirming positive results via immunoblotting), and serum viral RNA was evaluated by using two RT-PCR assays.ResultsThe overall seroprevalence of HEV IgG and HEV IgM was 14.9% (95% CI: 12.5–17.6%) and 1.3% (95% CI: 0.7–2.5%), respectively. We observed the highest seroprevalence among animal contact individuals, with butchers being the population with the highest HEV IgG seroprevalence (31.1%). Similarly, HEV IgM was higher in the animal contact group (2.2%) than in the non-animal contact cohort (0%).DiscussionsViral RNA was not detected in any of the samples. Butchering was significantly associated with higher HEV prevalence. Although all efforts to prevent HEV in Africa have focused on the chlorination of water, our study suggests that most new infections could currently be linked to animal manipulation. Therefore, education and guidelines must be provided in southwest Nigeria to ensure that animal handling and processing methods are safe.

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“…Few HEV studies have been carried out in Nigeria among pregnant women in different states [11][12][13], however, to the best of our knowledge, no single study reported HEV prevalence exclusively among pregnant women in more than one state in each geographical location, to give a true reflection of HEV prevalence among pregnant women in such geographical region. This study, therefore, aimed to focus on the prevalence of hepatitis E virus and the associated risk factors among pregnant women in three (Lagos, Oyo, and Osun) in the six States of the Southwestern geopolitical region in Nigeria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

High Prevalence of Hepatitis E IgM Antibody among Pregnant Women in Their Second and Third Trimester in Southwest Nigeria

Japhet,

Adama,

Oyewale

et al. 2023

PAJOLS

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Background: Background: Pregnant women with Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection, particularly those in the second or third trimester, are at increased risk of acute liver failure, fetal loss, and mortality; but unfortunately, routine HEV screening is yet to be introduced for pregnant women in Nigeria and many developing nations. This study was conducted to determine HEV prevalence and the associated risk factors among pregnant women unaware of their HEV status in three states of the southwestern geopolitical zone in Nigeria. Methods: Two hundred and thirty-two consenting pregnant women aged 18 -55 years from Lagos, Oyo, and Osun state were recruited for the study and screened for HEV IgM antibodies using DIAPRO HEV IgM ELISA KIT (Milanno-Italy). Sociodemographic data and risk factors were obtained using a structured questionnaire, and data were analyzed using SPSS version 23. Results: An overall HEV prevalence rate of 9.9% was observed among pregnant women in Southwest Nigeria. State-specific prevalence of 14.7%, 8.5%, and 6.7% was observed in Oyo, Lagos, and Osun, respectively. HEV prevalence increased with increase in trimester of pregnancy, with more than 80% of the HEV prevalence found among women in their second and third trimester. All the HEV prevalence occurring in women of active childbearing age (≤ 40 years) and among low-income earners. None of the risk factors considered was found to have a statistical correlation with HEV prevalence. Conclusion: High HEV prevalence in the second and third trimesters was reported in southwest Nigeria. We advocate routine screening of pregnant women for HEV IgM antibody for prompt HEV detection and proper HEV management to forestall HEV complications in pregnancy.

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Hepatitis E virus infection in high-risk populations in Osun State, Nigeria

Cited by 6 publications

References 43 publications

Molecular detection of hepatitis E virus among swine and poultry birds in Lagos, Nigeria

Molecular detection of hepatitis E virus among swine and poultry birds in Lagos, Nigeria

Butchering activity is the main risk factor for hepatitis E virus (Paslahepevirus balayani) infection in southwestern Nigeria: a prospective cohort study

High Prevalence of Hepatitis E IgM Antibody among Pregnant Women in Their Second and Third Trimester in Southwest Nigeria

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