Hepatitis E virus infection in swine workers: A meta‐analysis

Huang, Xiangyuan; Huang, Yu; Wagner, Abram L.; Chen, Xiangxiang; Lu, Yihan

doi:10.1111/zph.12548

Cited by 23 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Rats and pigs can easily be exposed to each other faeces, where a high level of the virus could be released. Faeces could contaminate environment representing a source of contamination for pigs but also for pig workers although the detection of RNA is not sufficient to state that the virus is infectious (Mughini‐Gras et al, 2017; Huang, Huang, Wagner, Chen, & Lu, ). Since rats and mice are synanthropic and can have a role on human infections, as reported by the detection of rat HEV strains in patients affected by acute hepatitis (Sridhar et al, ; Andonov et al, ), further investigation is required.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of hepatitis E virus RNA in rats caught in pig farms from Northern Italy

Sabato

Ianiro

Monini

et al. 2019

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) strains belonging to the Orthohepevirus genus are divided into four species (A–D). HEV strains included in the Orthohepevirus A species infect humans and several other mammals. Among them, the HEV‐3 and HEV‐4 genotypes are zoonotic and infect both humans and animals, of which, pigs and wild boar are the main reservoirs. Viruses belonging to the Orthohepevirus C species (HEV‐C) have been considered to infect rats of different species and carnivores. Recently, two studies reported the detection of HEV‐C1 (rat HEV) RNA in immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients, suggesting a possible transmission of rat HEV to humans. The role of rats and mice as reservoir of HEV and the potential zoonotic transmission is still poorly known and deserves further investigation. To this purpose, in this study, the presence of HEV RNA was investigated in the intestinal contents and liver samples from 47 Black rats (Rattus rattus) and 21 House mice (Mus musculus) captured in four pig farms in Northern Italy. The presence of both Orthohepevirus A and C was investigated by the real‐rime RT‐PCR specific for HEV‐1 to HEV‐4 genotypes of Orthohepevirus A species and by a broad spectrum hemi‐nested RT‐PCR capable of detecting different HEV species including rat HEV. The intestinal content from two Black rats resulted positive for HEV‐C1 RNA and for HEV‐3 RNA, respectively. None of the House mice was HEV RNA positive. Sequence analyses confirmed the detection of HEV‐C1, genotype G1 and HEV‐3 subtype e. The viral strain HEV‐3e detected in the rat was identical to swine HEV strains detected in the same farm. Liver samples were negative for the detection of either rat HEV or HEV‐3.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of hepatitis E virus RNA in rats caught in pig farms from Northern Italy

Sabato

Ianiro

Monini

et al. 2019

Zoonoses and Public Health

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“…Therefore, they are more likely to be infected with HEV than the general population by 50% (Huang et al , 2018 ).…”

Section: Categories At Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An efficient food safety service has to provide a risk-based surveillance and formative plans (improvement of slaughterhouse's personnel education), as reported by the European Law (EC No. 625/2017) (Huang et al , 2018 ).…”

Section: Categories At Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis E Virus in the Food of Animal Origin: A Review

Ferri

Vergara

2021

Foodborne Pathogens and Disease

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a cosmopolitan foodborne pathogen. The viral agent infects humans through the consumption of contaminated food (uncooked or undercooked). Most cases of infection are asymptomatic and for this reason, this pathology is considered underdiagnosed. Domestic and wild animals are considered natural reservoirs: that is, domestic pig, wild boar, sheep, goat, deer, rabbit, and so on. Therefore, various work categories are at risk: that is, veterinarians, farmers, hunters, slaughterhouse workers, and so on. In these last decades, researchers found a high percentage of positivity to the molecular viral detection in several food matrices included: ready-to-eat products, processed meat products, milk, and shellfish. This review aims to provide an international scenario regarding HEV ribonucleic acid (RNA) detection in several foodstuffs. From this investigative perspective, the study aims to highlight various gaps of the current knowledge about technologies treatments' impact on viral loads. The purpose was also to provide an innovative point of view ''One Health''-based, pointing out the strategic role of environmental safety.

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“…Swedish strains from most human cases with acute HEV and HEV from pigs and wild boar belong to subtype 3f in clade 3II (Norder et al, 2009;Roth et al, 2016). Zoonotic transmission of HEV by direct or indirect contact with infected animals, as pigs, may therefore be a further factor (Huang, Huang, Wagner, Chen, & Lu, 2018;Krumbholz et al, 2012Krumbholz et al, , 2014Sommerkorn, Schauer, Schreiner, Fickenscher, & Krumbholz, 2017) contributing to the surprisingly high seroprevalence in Sweden.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis E virus strains infecting Swedish domestic pigs are unique for each pig farm and remain in the farm for at least 2 years

Wang

Karlsson

Lindberg³

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3 (HEV3) is distributed globally and infects both humans and animals, mainly domestic pigs and wild boars, which are the major reservoirs. In this study, the prevalence of HEV among Swedish pigs was investigated by HEV RNA analysis in 363 faecal samples from 3‐month‐old piglets sampled twice (2013 and 2014) in 30 Swedish pig farms. Four different types of farms were investigated; organic, conventional closed (keeping the sow), satellites in a sow pool (conventional farms sharing sows) and conventional non‐closed farms (purchasing gilts). More than two‐thirds (77%) of the farms had HEV‐infected pigs. HEV RNA was found in faeces from 79 pigs (22%). Partial ORF1 could be sequenced in 46 strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a unique HEV3 strain for each farm. Strains sampled more than a year apart from the same farm were closely related, indicating that the same HEV strain is present for several years on the farm. Despite that only 4% of the Swedish pig farms were investigated, two farms had strains similar to those from humans, another had strains similar to wild boar HEV. The uniqueness of strains from each farm indicates a possibility to identify a source of infection down to farm level. This knowledge may be used by the farms to investigate the effectiveness of good hygiene routines to reduce the amount of HEV and thus the infection risk in the farm, and for Swedish public health authorities to identify cases of HEV transmissions from consumption of uncooked pork.

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Hepatitis E virus infection in swine workers: A meta‐analysis

Cited by 23 publications

References 37 publications

Detection of hepatitis E virus RNA in rats caught in pig farms from Northern Italy

Detection of hepatitis E virus RNA in rats caught in pig farms from Northern Italy

Hepatitis E Virus in the Food of Animal Origin: A Review

Hepatitis E virus strains infecting Swedish domestic pigs are unique for each pig farm and remain in the farm for at least 2 years

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