Hepatitis E virus: complete genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis of a Nepali isolate

Gouvêa, Vera; Snellings, Norma J.; Popek, Michael; Longer, Charles F.; Innis, Bruce L.

doi:10.1016/s0168-1702(98)00079-3

Cited by 40 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…This region overlaps the prolinerich hinge region of ORF1 (25,32,44,53). It is known that inherent structural constraints can influence the vulnerability of genomic segments to replication errors during virus infection, resulting in the accumulation of mutations for genetic diversity (13). The size differences in HEV genomes from different genotypes are confined mainly to the HVR of ORF1, which spanned 105 aa as originally proposed (31,53).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Deletions of the Hypervariable Region (HVR) in Open Reading Frame 1 of Hepatitis E Virus Do Not Abolish Virus Infectivity: Evidence for Attenuation of HVR Deletion Mutants In Vivo

Pudupakam

Huang

Opriessnig

et al. 2009

J Virol

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Deletions of the Hypervariable Region (HVR) in Open Reading Frame 1 of Hepatitis E Virus Do Not Abolish Virus Infectivity: Evidence for Attenuation of HVR Deletion Mutants In Vivo

Pudupakam

Huang

Opriessnig

et al. 2009

J Virol

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“…The entire genomic sequence of HEV was first published in 1991 for a strain from Myanmar (formerly called Burma) (40), which shared nucleotide identity of Ͼ93% across the genome with the nucleotide sequences of additional isolates obtained from China, India, Nepal, and Pakistan (2,3,9,27,43,44,51). In addition, the genomic sequence of a Mexican isolate that was implicated in an outbreak that occurred in Mexico in 1986 was published in 1992 (13).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyphyletic Strains of Hepatitis E Virus Are Responsible for Sporadic Cases of Acute Hepatitis in Japan

et al. 2002

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, and its prevalence differed by geographic region (6 to 25%), with a higher rate in the northern part of Japan. At admission, the 11 patients with HEV-associated hepatitis had elevated alanine aminotransferase levels of 914 to 4,850 IU/liter, and all but 1 had elevated bilirubin levels of 1.5 to 24.0 mg/dl. The 11 HEV isolates were of genotype III or IV and were segregated into three groups with intergroup nucleotide differences of 9.5 to 22.0%. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that four isolates of genotype III were closely related to a Japanese isolate, while the other four isolates of the same genotype were nearest those from the United States. The remaining three isolates were close to known isolates of genotype IV in China and Taiwan but shared less than 88% identity with them. These results indicate that multiple genotypes of HEV cocirculate in Japan and contribute to the development of sporadic acute hepatitis, with the prevalence differing by age, sex, and geographic region.

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“…HEV has been classified further into four major genotypes (I to IV) (39). Genotype I includes Asian strains from India, Burma, Nepal, China, and Pakistan (3,4,13,31,40,44,49,55) and African strains from Chad, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Egypt, and Namibia (6,18,26,48,54). Genotype II includes U.S., Japanese, and European strains (38,43,60).…”

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confidence: 99%

Evidence of Recombination between Divergent Hepatitis E Viruses

Cuyck¹,

Fan

Robertson

et al. 2005

J Virol

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Phylogenetic and recombination analysis was performed on 32 complete hepatitis E virus (HEV) genomes from infected humans and pigs. For the first time, evidence for recombination between divergent HEV strains was obtained, with at least two strains being found to have discordant phylogenetic relationships consistent with the occurrence of intragenotype recombination. This finding confirms that humans can be dually infected with divergent HEV strains and has implications for the emergence and evolution of new HEV epidemics.Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a causative agent of enterically transmitted hepatitis disease and, apart from infections of pregnant women, is generally associated with low mortality (11,17). Outbreaks of HEV have been described to occur in many regions of the world, including Asia, Africa, and Mexico (1, 33, 53), while sporadic cases have been documented in the United States, Africa (9), and Europe (27,37,38,60). HEV is presumed to be a zoonotic disease, as surveys of both wild and domestic animals have found evidence for human-related HEVs in rats (12, 22), pigs (2,7,21,29,32,56), deer (45), and wild boar (41). Direct animal-to-human transmission of HEV has been demonstrated, for example, from deer to human as a result of eating uncooked meat (45). Interestingly, HEV characterized from swine in countries where HEV is not endemic is usually closely related to cases of sporadic human HEVs from the same country, for example, in the United States and Japan (29,30,42,57), while in India, where HEV is endemic, human and swine HEV strains are not closely related (2). This suggests that in certain regions HEV is more established in the human population and that in other regions HEV is emerging as a result of direct contact with animal reservoirs for the virus. Divergent HEVs with no human counterparts have also been found in chickens (avian HEV). Avian HEV shares only 50 to 60% nucleotide sequence identity with HEV from humans and swine (15,16).HEV is a positive single-stranded RNA virus that is approximately 7,200 nucleotides (nt) in length. HEV's genome is capped and polyadenylated and has three open reading frames (ORF) (Fig. 1). As the organization of HEV's genome resembles that of Caliciviridae, at one time it was considered a mem-FIG. 1. Genomic organization of HEV. The scale at the bottom of the figure corresponds to nucleotides (in thousands). ORF1 encodes a nonstructural polyprotein which provides guanylyl-methyltransferase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activities and possibly other functions (23,25). The ORF2 and ORF3 proteins are believed to be encoded by individual subgenomic RNAs generated during replication (44, 58). ORF2 encodes the viral capsid protein; ORF3, which contains one potential phosphorylation site, encodes a very small protein of about 123 amino acids (59). ORF3 proteins partition with the cytoskeleton, and it has been suggested that an interaction between ORF2 and ORF3 is associated with the assembly of virions (47,50). ORF3 is also believed to interact with proteins involv...

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Hepatitis E virus: complete genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis of a Nepali isolate

Cited by 40 publications

References 11 publications

Deletions of the Hypervariable Region (HVR) in Open Reading Frame 1 of Hepatitis E Virus Do Not Abolish Virus Infectivity: Evidence for Attenuation of HVR Deletion Mutants In Vivo

Deletions of the Hypervariable Region (HVR) in Open Reading Frame 1 of Hepatitis E Virus Do Not Abolish Virus Infectivity: Evidence for Attenuation of HVR Deletion Mutants In Vivo

Polyphyletic Strains of Hepatitis E Virus Are Responsible for Sporadic Cases of Acute Hepatitis in Japan

Evidence of Recombination between Divergent Hepatitis E Viruses

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