Hepatitis E Virus: An Emerging Foodborne Pathogen

Harrison, La’Chia; DiCaprio, Erin

doi:10.3389/fsufs.2018.00014

Cited by 26 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 118 publications

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“…According to the World Health Organization, 20 million cases of hepatitis E and 44,000 deaths occur worldwide every year 1 . HEV is an emerging foodborne pathogen (Harrison and DiCaprio, 2018), and the incidence of confirmed cases in the European Union has steadily increased over the last decade (Kupferschmidt, 2016;Ricci et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HEV Occurrence in Waste and Drinking Water Treatment Plants

et al. 2020

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV), particularly zoonotic genotype 3, is present in environmental waters worldwide, especially in industrialized countries. Thus, monitoring the presence of HEV in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is an emerging topic due to the importance of reusing water on a global level. Given the limited data, this study aimed to monitor the occurrence of HEV in influent and effluent water in waste-and drinkingwater treatment plants (WWTPs and DWTPs). To this end, different procedures to concentrate HEV in influent and effluent water from WWTPs and DWTPs were initially evaluated. The evaluated procedures resulted in average HEV recoveries of 15.2, 19.9, and 16.9% in influent, effluent, and drinking water samples, respectively, with detection limits ranging from 10 3 to 10 4 international units (IU)/L. Then, a one-year pilot study was performed to evaluate the performance of the selected concentration method coupled with three RT-qPCR assays in influent and effluent water samples from four different WWTPs. HEV prevalence in influent water varied based on both the RT-qPCR assay and WWTP, while HEV was not detected in effluent water samples. In addition, HEV prevalence using only RT-qPCR3 was evaluated in influent (n = 62) and effluent samples (n = 52) from four WWTPs as well as influent (n = 28) and effluent (n = 28) waters from two DWTPs. The present study demonstrated that HEV circulated in the Valencian region at around 30.65% with average concentrations of 6.3 × 10 3 IU/L. HEV was only detected in influent wastewater samples, effluent samples from WWTPs and influent and effluent samples from DWTPs were negative. However, given that the infective dose in waterborne epidemics settings is not yet known and the low sensibility of the assay, unfortunately, no direct conclusion could be achieved on the risk assessment of environmental contamination.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HEV Occurrence in Waste and Drinking Water Treatment Plants

et al. 2020

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“…1 Farm Animal Health unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands. 2 Vion Food Group, Boxtel, the Netherlands. 3 Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands.…”

Section: Fundingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are at least eight different HEV genotypes (gt) of which five (gt 1 (HEV-1), 2, 3, 4 & 7) are found to infect humans [1]. Clinical cases of HEV in industrialized countries are increasingly caused by the zoonotic gt's HEV-3 and HEV-4, with domestic pigs as main reservoir [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection dynamics and persistence of hepatitis E virus on pig farms – a review

et al. 2021

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Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3 and 4 is a zoonosis that causes hepatitis in humans. Humans can become infected by consumption of pork or contact with pigs. Pigs are the main reservoir of the virus worldwide and the virus is present on most pig farms. Main body Though HEV is present on most farms, the proportion of infected pigs at slaughter and thus the level of exposure to consumers differs between farms and countries. Understanding the cause of that difference is necessary to install effective measures to lower HEV in pigs at slaughter. Here, HEV studies are reviewed that include infection dynamics of HEV in pigs and on farms, risk factors for HEV farm prevalence, and that describe mechanisms and sources that could generate persistence on farms. Most pigs become infected after maternal immunity has waned, at the end of the nursing or beginning of the fattening phase. Risk factors increasing the likelihood of a high farm prevalence or proportion of actively infected slaughter pigs comprise of factors such as farm demographics, internal and external biosecurity and immunomodulating coinfections. On-farm persistence of HEV is plausible, because of a high transmission rate and a constant influx of susceptible pigs. Environmental sources of HEV that enhance persistence are contaminated manure storages, water and fomites. Conclusion As HEV is persistently present on most pig farms, current risk mitigation should focus on lowering transmission within farms, especially between farm compartments. Yet, one should be aware of the paradox of increasing the proportion of actively infected pigs at slaughter by reducing transmission insufficiently. Vaccination of pigs may aid HEV control in the future.

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“…Future research on the effectiveness of interventions must consider program design, program implementation, and community preferences to effectively reduce the risk of disease (47). None of the identified articles included an examination of the role of food in hepatitis E outbreaks even though HEV has been identified as an emerging foodborne pathogen (12). In all three studies, interventions were used to mitigate the outbreaks, but the effectiveness of these strategies was not formally evaluated.…”

Section: Pathogens Of Concern In Refugee Campsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food Safety Challenges in Refugee Camps: What Do We Know?

Garsow¹,

Campbell

Closs³

et al. 2021

Journal of Food Protection

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Refugee camps provide basic necessities such as food, water, shelter, and medical treatment for displaced persons. Unsanitary conditions in refugee camps due to overcrowding, poor sanitation systems, lack of clean water, minimal ways to cook and store food can lead to an increased risk of foodborne illness. This article reviews the limited literature on the epidemiology of foodborne illness in refugee camps, effective risk mitigation strategies and opportunities for future research. Eleven articles were identified, suggesting that research in this area is limited. Identified research focused on three pathogens — Vibrio cholerae , Salmonella spp. and hepatitis E virus — that can lead to serious diseases including cholera, salmonellosis, typhoid fever, and hepatitis E. The research demonstrated that storage and handling of clean water for personal hygiene as well as food preparation were critical components to ensuring food safety. Additionally, knowledge pertaining to best practices for hygiene and food preparation were also identified as important. Gaps in current research include the determination of the prevalence of pathogens in food sold in refugee camps as well as development of culturally relevant food safety supply chain quality management systems. More research that focuses on burden and attribution of foodborne illness as well as food safety interventions in refugee camps is necessary.

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Hepatitis E Virus: An Emerging Foodborne Pathogen

Cited by 26 publications

References 118 publications

HEV Occurrence in Waste and Drinking Water Treatment Plants

HEV Occurrence in Waste and Drinking Water Treatment Plants

Infection dynamics and persistence of hepatitis E virus on pig farms – a review

Food Safety Challenges in Refugee Camps: What Do We Know?

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