Hepatitis E

Poel, Wim van der; Rzezutka, Autur

doi:10.14321/waterpathogens.13

Cited by 5 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…Currently, RT-qPCR is the gold standard method for HEV detection in food (van der Poel and Rzezutka, 2017); however, RT-qPCR does not always correlate with the number of infectious virus particles. Therefore, the use of strategies to remove the RT-qPCR signals from inactivated viruses will foster the reliability of risk assessment associated with food samples (Cook et al, 2017).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Viability RT-qPCR to Distinguish Between HEV and HAV With Intact and Altered Capsids

et al. 2018

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The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging pathogen showing a considerable increase in the number of reported cases in Europe mainly related to the ingestion of contaminated food. As with other relevant viral foodborne pathogens, real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is the gold standard for HEV detection in clinical, food, and environmental samples, but these procedures cannot discriminate between inactivated and potentially infectious viruses. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop a viability PCR method to discriminate between native, heat-, and high-pressure processing (HPP)-treated HEV using the hepatitis A virus (HAV) as a cultivable surrogate. To this end, different concentrations of viability markers (PMAxx and platinum chloride, PtCl4) were screened firstly on purified viral RNA using different RT-qPCR assays. Reductions of HEV RNA signals of >17.5, >15.0, and >15.5 quantification cycles (Cq) were reported for PtCl4 and 1.6, 2.9, and 8.4 Cq for PMAxx, clearly indicating a better performance of PtCl4 than PMAxx irrespective of the RT-qPCR assay used. The most efficient viability pretreatment (500 μM PtCl4 incubated at 5°C for 30 min) was then assessed on native, heat-, and HPP-treated HEV suspension. The optimized viability RT-qPCR discriminated successfully between native, heat-, and HPP-treated HEV, to different extents depending on the experimental conditions. In particular, approximately 2-log10 reduction was reported by PtCl4-RT-qPCR at both 72 and 95°C compared to the control. Additionally, both viability pretreatments were tested for HPP-treated HAV without success, while PtCl4-RT-qPCR completely eliminated (>5.6-log10 reduction) the RT-qPCR signals of HPP-treated HEV. Although this viability procedure may still overestimate infectivity, the PtCl4 pretreatment represents progress to better interpreting the quantification of intact HEV, and it could be included in molecular procedures used to quantify enteric viruses in food and environmental samples.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The World Health Organization estimates 20 million HEV infections worldwide yearly with over three million acute cases and 57,000 deaths 1 . In Europe, the number of confirmed cases of HEV has increased 10 times in the last decade (EFSA, 2017), making HEV issue a trending topic (Kupferschmidt, 2016; van der Poel and Rzezutka, 2017). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viability RT-qPCR to Distinguish Between HEV and HAV With Intact and Altered Capsids

et al. 2018

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“…Hepatitis E infections are caused by a small (27-34 nm), positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus (approx. 7.2 kb size) that belongs to the Hepeviridae family (Sooryanarain and Meng, 2019;Van der Poel and Rzezutka, 2019). HEV is excreted in feces as non-enveloped virions but circulates in the blood in a membrane-associated, quasi-enveloped form (Yin et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The different HEV genotypes have different geographical distributions 2 . For example, HEV G1 and G2 are predominantly transmitted via the fecal-oral route in Asia, Africa, and Central America, usually through the consumption of contaminated drinking water (Khuroo et al, 2016;Van der Poel and Rzezutka, 2019). In contrast, HEV G3 and G4 are endemic in industrialized countries and transmitted primarily via the consumption of animal meats or direct contact with infected animals (Sooryanarain and Meng, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hepatitis E virus transmission to humans through water has been largely demonstrated for HEV G1 and G2, primarily in developing countries, but transmission is also suspected for the zoonotic genotypes since HEV G3 and G4 have been detected in different types of environmental waters (Miura et al, 2016;Haramoto et al, 2018;Fenaux et al, 2019;Van der Poel and Rzezutka, 2019). Given the authorities' concerns, several surveillance studies conducted in different geographic regions have assessed the presence of HEV in urban wastewater with 2 https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hev/hevfaq.htm highly variable occurrence (Fenaux et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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HEV Occurrence in Waste and Drinking Water Treatment Plants

et al. 2020

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV), particularly zoonotic genotype 3, is present in environmental waters worldwide, especially in industrialized countries. Thus, monitoring the presence of HEV in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is an emerging topic due to the importance of reusing water on a global level. Given the limited data, this study aimed to monitor the occurrence of HEV in influent and effluent water in waste-and drinkingwater treatment plants (WWTPs and DWTPs). To this end, different procedures to concentrate HEV in influent and effluent water from WWTPs and DWTPs were initially evaluated. The evaluated procedures resulted in average HEV recoveries of 15.2, 19.9, and 16.9% in influent, effluent, and drinking water samples, respectively, with detection limits ranging from 10 3 to 10 4 international units (IU)/L. Then, a one-year pilot study was performed to evaluate the performance of the selected concentration method coupled with three RT-qPCR assays in influent and effluent water samples from four different WWTPs. HEV prevalence in influent water varied based on both the RT-qPCR assay and WWTP, while HEV was not detected in effluent water samples. In addition, HEV prevalence using only RT-qPCR3 was evaluated in influent (n = 62) and effluent samples (n = 52) from four WWTPs as well as influent (n = 28) and effluent (n = 28) waters from two DWTPs. The present study demonstrated that HEV circulated in the Valencian region at around 30.65% with average concentrations of 6.3 × 10 3 IU/L. HEV was only detected in influent wastewater samples, effluent samples from WWTPs and influent and effluent samples from DWTPs were negative. However, given that the infective dose in waterborne epidemics settings is not yet known and the low sensibility of the assay, unfortunately, no direct conclusion could be achieved on the risk assessment of environmental contamination.

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Water-Based Epidemiological Investigation of Hepatitis E Virus in South Africa

Salemane,

Coetzee,

Pocock

et al. 2024

Food Environ Virol

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that exhibits great host diversity. The primary means of transmission of the virus in low- and middle-income countries is contaminated water, often due to a lack of access to proper sanitation, which leads to faecal contamination of water sources. Environmental surveillance is an important tool that can be used to monitor virus circulation and as an early warning system for outbreaks. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of HEV in wastewater, surface water (rivers and standpipe/ablution water), and effluent from a piggery in South Africa. A total of 536 water samples were screened for HEV using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Overall, 21.8% (117/536) of the wastewater, river, and ablution water samples tested positive for HEV, whereas 74.4% (29/39) of the samples from the piggery tested positive. Genotyping revealed sequences belonging to HEV genotypes 3 (98%, 53/54) and 4 (2%, 1/54), with subtypes 3c, 3f, and 4b being identified.

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Hepatitis E

Cited by 5 publications

References 81 publications

Viability RT-qPCR to Distinguish Between HEV and HAV With Intact and Altered Capsids

Viability RT-qPCR to Distinguish Between HEV and HAV With Intact and Altered Capsids

HEV Occurrence in Waste and Drinking Water Treatment Plants

Water-Based Epidemiological Investigation of Hepatitis E Virus in South Africa

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