Hepatic, renal, and pancreatic damage associated with chronic exposure to oral and inhaled 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-d): an environmental exposure model in rats

Bonfim, Daniel José Pimentel; Magalhães, Letícia Rocha; Chagas, Pedro Henrique Nahas; Serra, Fernanda de Maria; Benatti, Liliane Aparecida Tanus; Nai, Gisele Alborghetti

doi:10.1007/s00580-020-03150-8

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Histological changes in the spleen were not detected in this study. An earlier investigation on chronic exposure to herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) used exposure routes like those used in our study, also did not detect alterations in the spleen (Bonfim et al, 2020). In animals exposed to GBH, the absence of liver fibrosis or cirrhosis that causes portal hypertension, which may result in splenic congestion (red pulp hyperplasia) and inflammation in the evaluated organs, which may result in white pulp hyperplasia, thus justifying apparent lack of changes in the spleen.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 46%

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Hepato and Nephrotoxicity Caused by Sub-Chronic Exposure to Relevant Concentrations of Human Exposure to Glyphosate-Based Herbicide: An Experimental Study in Rats

Serra,

Magalhães,

Silva

et al. 2024

OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences

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Glyphosate's remarkable effectiveness in weed control has made it among the foremost widely employed herbicides globally. Several Glyphosate-Based Herbicides (GBHs) contain 1-4 dioxane, a compound known to induce cancer in animals and potentially contribute to liver and kidney damage in humans. The objective was to assess the liver and kidney toxicity resulting from sub-chronic exposure to GBH in rats. Eighty wistar rats were divided into 8 groups, each consisting of 5 males and 5 females. These groups were categorized into 4 inhalation exposure groups and 4 oral exposure groups. The control groups were subjected to exposure to sodium chloride solution, while the other groups were exposed to GBH at low, medium, and high concentrations. This exposure continued for 75 days. Blood samples were taken for the assessment of Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine, and urea levels, and the liver, kidney, pancreas and spleen tissues were sampled for histopathology. The females in the high oral concentration group exhibited the most elevated levels of AST, ALT, and urea (p<0.05). Liver steatosis was observed in all animals exposed to medium and high GBH concentrations (p<0.05). Tubular changes were evident in all GBH-exposed animals. Furthermore, animals submitted to a high GBH concentration displayed an increased count of nucleoli-organizing regions in the liver and kidney (p<0.05). High-concentration exposure to GBH, mainly orally, causes greater liver and kidney damage. Females had more pronounced hepatic and renal biochemical changes than males.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 46%

“…Those exposed orally had their food nebulized one day before consumption (Fig. 1) (Bonfim et al, 2020). The animal feed in all groups was replenished every two days and the remaining feed was weighed during each replenishment.…”

Section: Protocol Of Gbh Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Hepato and Nephrotoxicity Caused by Sub-Chronic Exposure to Relevant Concentrations of Human Exposure to Glyphosate-Based Herbicide: An Experimental Study in Rats

Serra,

Magalhães,

Silva

et al. 2024

OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences

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“…Additionally, 5 mg/kg of the same commercial formulation induced perivascular inflammatory infiltration in the liver of rats, indicating the presence of immune system cells and other components involved in the inflammatory response [ 32 ]. In addition to inflammatory effects, dietary exposure to 2,4-D has been previously associated with a high incidence of hepatic steatosis in rats [ 72 ]. It is important to emphasize that the mentioned morphological changes are associated with a decrease in hepatic antioxidant function, indicated by the reduced activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and hepatic GSH levels [ 32 , 63 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

2,4-D Herbicide-Induced Hepatotoxicity: Unveiling Disrupted Liver Functions and Associated Biomarkers

Martins,

Carvalho,

Maia

et al. 2024

Toxics

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2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a widely used herbicide worldwide and is frequently found in water samples. This knowledge has prompted studies on its effects on non-target organisms, revealing significant alterations to liver structure and function. In this review, we evaluated the literature on the hepatotoxicity of 2,4-D, focusing on morphological damages, toxicity biomarkers and affected liver functions. Searches were conducted on PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus and 83 articles were selected after curation. Among these studies, 72% used in vivo models and 30% used in vitro models. Additionally, 48% used the active ingredient, and 35% used commercial formulations in exposure experiments. The most affected biomarkers were related to a decrease in antioxidant capacity through alterations in the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and the levels of malondialdehyde. Changes in energy metabolism, lipids, liver function, and xenobiotic metabolism were also identified. Furthermore, studies about the effects of 2,4-D in mixtures with other pesticides were found, as well as hepatoprotection trials. The reviewed data indicate the essential role of reduction in antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress in 2,4-D-induced hepatotoxicity. However, the mechanism of action of the herbicide is still not fully understood and further research in this area is necessary.

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Section: Morphological Markersmentioning

confidence: 95%

2,4‐D Herbicide‐Induced Hepatotoxicity: Unveiling Disrupted Liver Functions and Associated Biomarkers

Martins,

Carvalho,

Maia

et al. 2023

Preprint

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2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a globally used herbicide and is frequently found in water samples. This fact has prompted studies on its effects in non-target organisms, revealing significant alterations on liver structure and function. In this review, we evaluated the literature on the hepatotoxicity of 2,4-D, focusing on morphological damages, biomarkers of toxicity and affected liver functions. Searches were conducted on PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus and 83 articles were selected after curation. Among the studies, 72% used in vivo models and 30% used in vitro models. Additionally, 48% used the active ingredient, and 35% used commercial formu-lations in exposure experiments. The most affected biomarkers were related to a decrease in an-tioxidant capacity, including alterations in the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase, and in the levels of malondialdehyde. Changes in energy metabolism, lipids, liver function, and xenobiotic metabolism were also identified. Furthermore, we found studies about the effects of 2,4-D in mixtures with other pesticides, as well as hepatoprotection trials. The reviewed data in-dicate that the reduction in antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress play an important role in 2,4-D-induced hepatotoxicity. However, the mechanism of action of the herbicide is still not ful-ly understood and further research in this area is needed.

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Hepatic, renal, and pancreatic damage associated with chronic exposure to oral and inhaled 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-d): an environmental exposure model in rats

Cited by 5 publications

References 21 publications

Hepato and Nephrotoxicity Caused by Sub-Chronic Exposure to Relevant Concentrations of Human Exposure to Glyphosate-Based Herbicide: An Experimental Study in Rats

Hepato and Nephrotoxicity Caused by Sub-Chronic Exposure to Relevant Concentrations of Human Exposure to Glyphosate-Based Herbicide: An Experimental Study in Rats

2,4-D Herbicide-Induced Hepatotoxicity: Unveiling Disrupted Liver Functions and Associated Biomarkers

2,4‐D Herbicide‐Induced Hepatotoxicity: Unveiling Disrupted Liver Functions and Associated Biomarkers

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