“…[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] In Japan, gemcitabine has been mainly used to treat bile duct carcinoma and is now a key drug in the treatment of bile duct carcinoma. 36,37 Previous our studies using cultured cells showed that the main effect of PDT is apoptosis, evidenced by assays that measured either DNA fragmentation or chromatin condensation. 17,18 PDT induced NOZ cell death by apoptosis, detected in the Hoechst 33342-stained sections, in a light dose-dependent manner.…”