Hepatic epithelioid angiomyolipoma: clinical features and imaging findings of contrast-enhanced ultrasound and CT

CT features of hepatic epithelioid angiomyolipoma: differentiation from hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with noncirrhotic livers

“…Presently, the clinical characteristics, pathological histology, and IHC characteristics of HEA have been well documented (4,6-9). However, HEA imaging studies are rare (10)(11)(12). Because a thorough understanding of their imaging characteristics is lacking, up to 60% of HEA cases are preoperatively misdiagnosed as HCC (8), and HEA and HCC may require different therapeutic strategies.…”

“…Yang et al (10) included 10 cases of HEA, which manifested as fat deficiency and hypervascularity on CT. Ji et al (11) reported similar imaging characteristics of HEA, and the lack of a capsule was also considered a diagnostic clue. Recently, using contrast-enhanced CT, another study showed that HEA is similar to HCC (12). These imaging characteristics could be confusing in the imaging-based diagnosis of HEA and HCC on CT. To date, no reports have compared the imaging manifestations of HEA and HCC in response to this issue.…”

Contrast‐enhanced sonographic appearances of two primary hepatic epithelioid angiomyolipomas

“…A six-patient case series investigating CEUS found that hyperenhancement in the arterial phase with washout in the late phase to be a common feature (67% in 121-360 seconds). 7 This is a feature that is helpful but not diagnostic of Epi-HAML. The authors hypothesized that washout might have been delayed in those cases by the presence of sinusoids and vascular aberrancy.…”

Hepatic epithelioid angiomyolipoma with renal metastasis: radiologic-pathologic correlation

“…In a study analyzing US findings of 6 hepatic EAML cases, it was observed that 3 were hypoechoic while 3 were mixed echoic. On contrast-enhanced US, it was observed that all 6 displayed homogeneous hyperenhancement in the arterial phase and 4 showed hypoenhancement in the late phase [9] . While there have been no prior reports on the PET–CT findings of hepatic EAML, one past study described FDG uptake by classical AML in the liver.…”

“…In addition, the distinction from other malignancies which may contain adipose tissue cannot be made based on the presence of intralesional fat. On contrast-enhanced CT, the lesion generally shows enhancement in the arterial phase with wash out in the portal venous and delayed phases [2] , [5] , [6] , [9] . However, variations can exist.…”