Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans Mediate Attachment and Entry of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Virions into CD4 ⁺ T Cells

Prevention of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Infection and Adult T-Cell Leukemia

“…GLUT1, heparin sulfate proteoglycan(HSPG) and neuropilin-1 are the three molecules that are reported as key players for the interaction between the viral envelop and the cell membrane, and for the entry into the cells [24][25][26]. It has been proposed that HTLV-1 particles first contact HSPG, then neuropilin-1 recruits HTLV-1/ HSPG complex to present them to GLUT1.…”

Leukemia and Retroviral Disease

“…The replication cycle of HTLV-1 begins with the interaction between the viral Env glycoproteins and the specific cellular receptor proteins. At least three cellular receptors have been found to facilitate viral attachment and entry into the cell, and these include the glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) [24,25], neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) [26][27][28], and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) [29][30][31]. During the membrane fusion process and after entry of the viral capsid into the cytoplasm, the viral genomic RNA is reverse transcribed into DNA, by the viral particle-associated reverse transcriptase.…”

Chlamydophila pneumoniae attachment and infection in low proteoglycan expressing human lymphoid Jurkat cells

“…An absence or decrease in PG-core proteins may therefore reduce the expression of GAGs and potentially cause an insufficient interaction between bacteria and host cells, thereby preventing infection [25]. We therefore compared PG-core protein gene expression (Fig.…”