Heparan Sulfate Is a Cellular Receptor for Purified Infectious Prions

Abstract

Prions replicate in the host cell by the self-propagating refolding of the normal cell surface protein, PrP C , into a ␤-sheet-rich conformer, PrP Sc . Exposure of cells to prion-infected material and subsequent endocytosis can sometimes result in the establishment of an infected culture. However, the relevant cell surface receptors have remained unknown. We have previously shown that cellular heparan sulfates (HS) are involved in the ongoing formation of scrapie prion protein (PrP Sc ) in chronically infected cells. Here we studied the initial steps in the internalization of prions and in the infection of cells. Purified prion "rods" are arguably the purest prion preparation available. The only proteinaceous component of rods is PrP Sc . Mouse neuroblastoma N2a, hypothalamus GT1-1, and Chinese hamster ovary cells efficiently bound both hamster and mouse prion rods (at 4°C) and internalized them (at 37°C). Treating cells with bacterial heparinase III or chlorate (a general inhibitor of sulfation) strongly reduced both binding and uptake of rods, whereas chondroitinase ABC was inactive. These results suggested that the cell surface receptor of prion rods involves sulfated HS chains. Sulfated glycans inhibited both binding and uptake of rods, probably by competing with the binding of rods to cellular HS. Treatments that prevented endocytosis of rods also prevented the de novo infection of GT1-1 cells when applied during their initial exposure to prions. These results indicate that HS are an essential part of the cellular receptor used both for prion uptake and for cell infection. Cellular HS thus play a dual role in prion propagation, both as a cofactor for PrP Sc synthesis and as a receptor for productive prion uptake.The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies that comprise infectious, familial, and sporadic neurodegenerations such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans (1), scrapie of sheep, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (2) are caused by prions (3). These proteinaceous agents are thought to propagate by refolding a normal cell surface glycoprotein of the host, the cellular prion protein (PrP C ) 1 , into an abnormal ␤-sheetrich (4, 5) conformation (reviewed in Ref. 6). The resulting pathological conformer, PrP Sc , is in turn the only known component of the infectious prion. The formation of PrP Sc is thought to involve a direct contact between "seed" PrP Sc and "substrate" PrP C (7, 8) and probably involves cellular cofactors (9) including the laminin receptors (10 -12) and cellular heparan sulfate proteoglycans (13-15).Although several cell lines are susceptible to prion infection (16) (reviewed in Ref. 17), the molecular mechanisms involved remain largely obscure. Infection is usually started by exposing cells to prion-infected material, such as brain homogenate. Many cell types (including cell lines (18) and primary dendritic cells (19)) can internalize prion-infected material, but the cellular receptors for prions have not been identified. One factor that is likely to complicate the study of how ...

Intercellular propagated misfolding of wild-type Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase occurs via exosome-dependent and -independent mechanisms

“…Although we have not identified the receptors involved in this process, our previous work on microglia would suggest a large receptor complex involving scavenger or other pattern-recognition receptors and signaling receptors may be participating (27). Heparin sulfate proteoglycans have been shown to be involved in aggregate uptake of tau, alpha-synuclein, and prion protein (28,29), and it is interesting to speculate that this family of receptors could be involved here. However, before cell death ensues in ALS or other neurodegenerative diseases, pathology can spread from cell to cell and region to region (8), suggesting another mechanism that may be more relevant to early stages of the disease.…”

Human prion proteins with pathogenic mutations share common conformational changes resulting in enhanced binding to glycosaminoglycans

“…In vitro, GAG facilitates the conversion of PrP C to PrP Sc (35). Cell surface GAG is a ''receptor'' for PrP Sc (32,33). were approximately four times higher than in Tg(PG14).…”

“…Several lines of in vitro and in vivo evidences suggest that binding of PrP to GAG is important in the conversion process, and thus critical for pathogenesis (30)(31)(32)(33). PrP Sc in vivo contains GAG (34).…”

Cell models of prion infection

“…Other studies provided evidence that cellular heparan sulphates are receptors for PrP Sc . The enzymatic removal of cell surface heparan sulphates [58], the inhibition of their sulphation by chlorate [58] or competition with heparan mimetics [58,126] all prevented the binding and the uptake of detergent-extracted, aggregated forms of abnormal PrP in N2a, GT1, and CHO cells. A similar observation was reported for PrP Sc from brain homogenate in CHO cells [55].…”

“…Early pulse-chase experiments with infected N2a and HaB cells have revealed that conversion of PrP C to the protease-resistant state is a late post-translational event that takes place after PrP C has been delivered to the plasma membrane [15,25]. More recently, it was shown that transmission of infection requires the presence of cellular heparan sulphates and the presence of PrP C during exposure to the inoculum [58,98]. While this suggests that molecular complexes between PrP Sc , PrP C , and cellular heparan sulphates are required at the plasma membrane, it remains unclear whether conversion can proceed further at the cell surface or if the putative complexes are driven to intracellular compartments for initiation of conversion.…”