HEPA Filter Efficiencies Using Thermal and Air-Jet Generated Dioctyl Phthalate

Ettinger, H.J.; DeField, J.D.; Bevis, D. A.; Mitchell, R. N.

doi:10.1080/0002889698506002

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…An analysis of the difference between light scattering penetration and mass penetration for DOP was made by constructing a cumulative plot, Figure 3, of fraction of light scattering versus particle size based on the photometer response curve 7 and the log normal size distribution for the DOP aerosol. 6 Using this plot and assuming a sharp impaction size cutoff, the cutoff diameter required to give any selected light scattering penetration can be determined and applied to the cumulative mass distribution to give the equivalent mass penetration. By this procedure, equivalent mass penetration was found to be less than light scattering penetration in all cases; e.g., the ratio of mass to light scattering penetration was 0.22, 0.16, and 0.10 for light scattering penetrations of 50%, 10%, and 1%.…”

Section: Filter Penetration Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DOP was aerosolized by a compressed air atomizer 5 that produced droplets having a count median diameter of 0.8 jum and a geometric standard deviation of 1.65. 6 Size characteristics of this aerosol were found to be constant with time. For the DOP tests, filter penetration was determined by light scattering measurements upstream and downstream of the filter using a light scattering photometer designed specifically for filter testing.…”

Section: Experimental Arrangementsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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High Velocity Filtration of Submicron Aerosols

First

Hinds

1976

Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association

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Section: Filter Penetration Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Arrangementsmentioning

confidence: 97%

High Velocity Filtration of Submicron Aerosols

First

Hinds

1976

Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association

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“…Each time point included five mice exposed to ambient air (Whole Air) and five mice exposed to air filtered through a HEPA filtration unit (True-HEPA, model 200 -001, Bemis Manufacturing, Sheboygan Falls, WI). HEPA filtration removes at least 99.97% of particles 0.3 m in diameter (65). Given the duration of spermatogenesis, sperm sampled from the caudal epididymis of mice held for 3 wks were postmeiotic spermatocytes and spermatids during the exposure period.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Germ-line mutations, DNA damage, and global hypermethylation in mice exposed to particulate air pollution in an urban/industrial location

Yauk¹,

Polyzos²,

Rowan-Carroll³

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

274

202

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Particulate air pollution is widespread, yet we have little understanding of the long-term health implications associated with exposure. We investigated DNA damage, mutation, and methylation in gametes of male mice exposed to particulate air pollution in an industrial/ urban environment. C57BL/CBA mice were exposed in situ to ambient air near two integrated steel mills and a major highway, alongside control mice breathing high-efficiency air particulate (HEPA) filtered ambient air. PCR analysis of an expanded simple tandem repeat (ESTR) locus revealed a 1.6-fold increase in sperm mutation frequency in mice exposed to ambient air for 10 wks, followed by a 6-wk break, compared with HEPA-filtered air, indicating that mutations were induced in spermatogonial stem cells. DNA collected after 3 or 10 wks of exposure did not exhibit increased mutation frequency. Bulky DNA adducts were below the detection threshold in testes samples, suggesting that DNA reactive chemicals do not reach the germ line and cause ESTR mutation. In contrast, DNA strand breaks were elevated at 3 and 10 wks, possibly resulting from oxidative stress arising from exposure to particles and associated airborne pollutants. Sperm DNA was hypermethylated in mice breathing ambient relative to HEPAfiltered air and this change persisted following removal from the environmental exposure. Increased germ-line DNA mutation frequencies may cause population-level changes in genetic composition and disease. Changes in methylation can have widespread repercussions for chromatin structure, gene expression and genome stability. Potential health effects warrant extensive further investigation.DNA adducts ͉ DNA strand breaks ͉ tandem repeat mutation C ombustion of fossil fuels results in the production of complex mixtures of chemicals that are released into the environment and potentially affect millions of people globally. Previous work demonstrated that the offspring of wild birds breeding near integrated steel mills on the North American Great Lakes inherited increased numbers of tandem repeat DNA sequence mutations compared with those from areas without steel mills (1, 2). Subsequent studies investigated expanded simple tandem repeat (ESTR) mutation in outbred laboratory mice caged near two integrated steel mills and a major highway in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, and at a rural reference site (3, 4). Using a pedigree approach (5), a significant increase in germ-line mutation rate was found in mice housed in the industrial environment compared with the reference site. The majority of mutations were transmitted through the paternal germ line. High-efficiency particulate-air (HEPA) filtration of the ambient air resulted in a significant reduction in mutation frequency, down to levels measured at the reference location (4). Therefore, the particulate fraction of air in this industrial location was largely responsible for the mutagenic hazard.These findings show that chemical pollutants may cause heritable mutation. Further research is required to confirm these results...

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“…This experimental design enabled a comparison of germline mutation rates between sites, and also within sites between groups exposed to ambient air and HEPAfiltered air. HEPA filtration removes only particulate matter (at least 99.97% of all particles >0.3 µm in diameter; [Ettinger et al 1969]), so mice inside of HEPA chambers were exposed to ambient air that was essentially particulate-free, but still contained gas-phase constituents. Animals were exposed for 10 weeks in situ, and then bred within groups after a 9-week delay in the laboratory for the reasons described above.…”

Section: Sentinel Animal Studies Of Air Pollution and Germline Mutationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ambient air pollution exposure and damage to male gametes: human studies andin situ‘sentinel’ animal experiments

Somers

2011

Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine

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Globally there is concern that adverse reproductive outcomes and fertility impairment in humans may be caused by exposure to environmental contaminants. Air pollution in particular has been linked to DNA damage, abnormal sperm morphology, and reduced sperm performance in men. Experimental studies using model species (mice and rats) exposed in situ provide evidence that ambient air pollution can cause damage to the respiratory system and other tissues or organs. This can take the form of DNA damage and other genetic changes throughout the body, including induced mutations, DNA strand breaks, and altered methylation patterns in male germ cells. Human and animal studies together provide strong evidence that air pollution, especially airborne particulate matter, at commonly occurring ambient levels is genotoxic to male germ cells. The mechanistic link between air pollution exposure and induced genetic changes in male germ cells is currently unclear. 'Sentinel' animal experiments explicitly examining air pollution affects on sperm quality in laboratory rodents have not been conducted and would provide a critical link to observations in humans. The importance of air pollution compared to other factors affecting fertility and reproductive outcomes in humans is not clear and warrants further investigation.

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HEPA Filter Efficiencies Using Thermal and Air-Jet Generated Dioctyl Phthalate

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

High Velocity Filtration of Submicron Aerosols

High Velocity Filtration of Submicron Aerosols

Germ-line mutations, DNA damage, and global hypermethylation in mice exposed to particulate air pollution in an urban/industrial location

Ambient air pollution exposure and damage to male gametes: human studies andin situ‘sentinel’ animal experiments

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