Henry Tudor's treasure*

Abstract

Both contemporary and modern commentators have speculated on Henry VII's wealth, the latter reducing his alleged fortune to modesty or insolvency. Such a discrepancy could bear on the financial and political ramifications of his son's monarchy beginning in 1509. This article looks at one source of income cultivated by Henry and his councillors -payments and forfeitures on obligations and recognizances -with attention to the chancery calendars of close rolls. Although no definitive conclusion regarding amounts collected can be ascertained, it becomes clear that such bonds could have provided the prodigious sums of money Henry VIII used to mount his first war against France, the source of which remains unknown. This article also illustrates the break from the Yorkists for enrolling debts and the intensification of Henry VII's bond policy during his reign.

Early-onset, conjugal, twin-discordant, and clusters of sporadic ALS: Pathway to discovery of etiology via lifetime exposome research

“…MMH-related mushroom poisoning is recorded in many countries, including the USA, notably the State of Michigan ( Trestrail, 1994 ; Hatten et al, 2012 ; Brandenburg and Ward, 2018 ; Horowitz et al, 2022 ; Figure 3 ) in the Midwest, which has among the highest prevalence of ALS in the nation 2 . Self-identified clusters of ALS are common in Michigan, such as three friends with proximate childhood homes who later developed ALS around the same time ( Feldman, 2000 ).…”

“…There is also justification to explore whether other pockets of sALS are linked to deliberate or mistaken food use of False Morels ( Cruces, 2010 ; Beug, 2014 ; Pulse, 2022 ), especially in northern Michigan, USA, given the State’s relatively frequent occurrence of acute MMH poisoning ( Figure 3 ) and high prevalence of ALS ( Feldman, 2000 ). In Europe and Scandinavia, most acute MMH intoxications occur from consumption of False Morels collected in the conifer forests of Germany, Poland, Sweden, and Finland ( Horowitz et al, 2022 ). The birth location of a cluster of ALS subjects in Finland ( Sabel et al, 2003 ) corresponds to a region of False Morel consumption ( Spencer, 2019 ).…”

“…Vitamin B6 status is also significant since gyromitrin binds to and inhibits pyridoxal phosphokinase, the enzyme responsible for transforming dietary pyridoxine into active pyridoxal 5-phosphate, without which glutamic acid decarboxylase cannot convert glutamate to the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The resulting depletion of GABA promotes CNS excitation and seizures ( Horowitz et al, 2022 ). While severe MMH poisoning from consumption of Gyromitra spp.…”

Hypothesis: Etiologic and Molecular Mechanistic Leads for Sporadic Neurodegenerative Diseases Based on Experience With Western Pacific ALS/PDC

“…Hydrazine reduces liver glutathione, inhibits catalase activity, and increases oxidized glutathione, followed by generation of free radicals (methyl, acetyl, hydroxyl, and hydrogen), increased reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, and increased lipid peroxidation. Data on the neurological effects of hydrazine(s) are limited (172–175): the acute neuroexcitatory effect (seizures) of ingestion of False Morel mushrooms (see above) result principally from the reaction of hydrazine species with pyridoxal 5-phosphate (activated form of pyridoxine) to form a hydrazone that reduces the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA by decreasing the enzyme activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase (176); however, hydrazines, such as 1,1-dimethylhydrazine that damage tissue (liver, kidney, CNS?) form a reactive nitrosamide which generates methyl free radicals that produce DNA damage (61, 64) ( O 6 - and N 7 -methylguanine adducts (177) which, if unrepaired, are (like MAM) pro-mutagenic in cycling cells and, presumably, trigger degeneration in terminally dividing and post-mitotic nerve cells (17, 19, 22).…”

Review of periodical literature published in 2009

“…The fact remains, however, that shortly after his death, his son launched a ruinously expensive invasion of France, and the money had to come from somewhere. Horowitz suggests that perhaps payments and forfeitures on bonds and recognizances supply the answer. Meanwhile, Lee detects an urban policy in which Henry allowed certain cities, particular those like York, Bristol, and Exeter situated in politically sensitive areas, to develop oligarchic self‐government during his reign.…”