Hendra virus infection in a veterinarian

Hanna, Jeffrey N; McBride, William John Hannan; Brookes, Dianne L.; Shield, J; Taylor, Carmel; Smith, Ina; Craig, Scott B.; Smith, Greg

doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00692.x

Cited by 96 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Of significance, from 2001–2007, more than half of the identified NiV cases resulted from person-to-person transmission (7). Conversely, HeV initially appeared more sporadically in Australia since its initial emergence, with horse fatalities recorded in 1999, 2004 and 2006 and one mildly ill, sero-converting, human case reported in 2004 (10, 11). However, since 2006 HeV has appeared in horses annually along with two severe human cases, one fatal, in 2008 and another fatality in 2009 (12, 13).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Protects African Green Monkeys from Hendra Virus Challenge

et al. 2011

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Hendra virus (HeV) is a recently emerged zoonotic paramyxovirus that can cause a severe and often fatal disease in horses and humans. HeV is categorized as a biosafety level 4 agent, which has made the development of animal models and testing of potential therapeutics and vaccines challenging. Infection of African Green monkeys (AGMs) with HeV was recently demonstrated and disease mirrored fatal HeV infection in humans, manifesting as a multisystemic vasculitis with widespread virus replication in vascular tissues and severe pathologic manifestations in the lung, spleen and brain. Here, we demonstrate that m102.4, a potent HeV neutralizing human monoclonal antibody (hmAb), can protect AGMs from disease post infection (p.i.) with HeV. Fourteen AGMs were challenged intratracheally with a lethal dose of HeV and twelve subjects were infused twice with a 100 mg dose of m102.4 beginning at either 10 hr, 24 hr or 72 hr p.i. and again approximately 48 hrs later. The presence of viral RNA, infectious virus and HeV-specific immune responses demonstrated that all subjects were infected following challenge. All twelve AGMs that received m102.4 survived infection; whereas the untreated control subjects succumbed to disease on day 8 p.i.. Animals in the 72 hr treatment group exhibited neurological signs of disease but all animals started to recover by day 16 p.i.. These results represent successful post-exposure in vivo efficacy by an investigational drug against HeV and highlight the potential impact a hmAb can have on human disease.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Protects African Green Monkeys from Hendra Virus Challenge

et al. 2011

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“…Seven humans who have had close contact with infected horses have become infected with HeV, including four fatally [11]–[13]. While the economic and public health consequences of Hendra virus have been limited to date, the effects of Nipah virus have been much more severe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Distribution of Henipaviruses in Southeast Asia and Australasia: Is Wallace’s Line a Barrier to Nipah Virus?

et al. 2013

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Nipah virus (NiV) (Genus Henipavirus) is a recently emerged zoonotic virus that causes severe disease in humans and has been found in bats of the genus Pteropus. Whilst NiV has not been detected in Australia, evidence for NiV-infection has been found in pteropid bats in some of Australia’s closest neighbours. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of henipaviruses in fruit bat (Family Pteropodidae) populations to the north of Australia. In particular we tested the hypothesis that Nipah virus is restricted to west of Wallace’s Line. Fruit bats from Australia, Papua New Guinea, East Timor and Indonesia were tested for the presence of antibodies to Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus, and tested for the presence of HeV, NiV or henipavirus RNA by PCR. Evidence was found for the presence of Nipah virus in both Pteropus vampyrus and Rousettus amplexicaudatus populations from East Timor. Serology and PCR also suggested the presence of a henipavirus that was neither HeV nor NiV in Pteropus alecto and Acerodon celebensis. The results demonstrate the presence of NiV in the fruit bat populations on the eastern side of Wallace’s Line and within 500 km of Australia. They indicate the presence of non-NiV, non-HeV henipaviruses in fruit bat populations of Sulawesi and Sumba and possibly in Papua New Guinea. It appears that NiV is present where P. vampyrus occurs, such as in the fruit bat populations of Timor, but where this bat species is absent other henipaviruses may be present, as on Sulawesi and Sumba. Evidence was obtained for the presence henipaviruses in the non-Pteropid species R. amplexicaudatus and in A. celebensis. The findings of this work fill some gaps in knowledge in geographical and species distribution of henipaviruses in Australasia which will contribute to planning of risk management and surveillance activities.

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“…Seven humans have become infected with HeV via contact with infected horses, resulting in four fatalities [5], [8], [9]. In peninsular Malaysia and Singapore during 1998 and 1999, Nipah virus infected pigs and humans resulting in the death of over 100 humans and the culling of over one million pigs [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of Endemic Hendra Virus Infection in Flying-Foxes (Pteropus conspicillatus)—Implications for Disease Risk Management

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Meers

et al. 2011

PLoS ONE

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This study investigated the seroepidemiology of Hendra virus in a spectacled flying-fox (Pteropus conspicillatus) population in northern Australia, near the location of an equine and associated human Hendra virus infection in late 2004. The pattern of infection in the population was investigated using a serial cross-sectional serological study over a 25-month period, with blood sampled from 521 individuals over six sampling sessions. Antibody titres to the virus were determined by virus neutralisation test. In contrast to the expected episodic infection pattern, we observed that seroprevalence gradually increased over the two years suggesting infection was endemic in the population over the study period. Our results suggested age, pregnancy and lactation were significant risk factors for a detectable neutralizing antibody response. Antibody titres were significantly higher in females than males, with the highest titres occurring in pregnant animals. Temporal variation in antibody titres suggests that herd immunity to the virus may wax and wane on a seasonal basis. These findings support an endemic infection pattern of henipaviruses in bat populations suggesting their infection dynamics may differ significantly from the acute, self limiting episodic pattern observed with related viruses (e.g. measles virus, phocine distemper virus, rinderpest virus) hence requiring a much smaller critical host population size to sustain the virus. These findings help inform predictive modelling of henipavirus infection in bat populations, and indicate that the life cycle of the reservoir species should be taken into account when developing risk management strategies for henipaviruses.

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Hendra virus infection in a veterinarian

Cited by 96 publications

References 13 publications

A Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Protects African Green Monkeys from Hendra Virus Challenge

A Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Protects African Green Monkeys from Hendra Virus Challenge

The Distribution of Henipaviruses in Southeast Asia and Australasia: Is Wallace’s Line a Barrier to Nipah Virus?

Evidence of Endemic Hendra Virus Infection in Flying-Foxes (Pteropus conspicillatus)—Implications for Disease Risk Management

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