Hemp flour as a formaldehyde scavenger for melamine-urea-formaldehyde adhesive in plywood production

Kawalerczyk, Jakub; Siuda, Joanna; Mirski, Radosław; Dziurka, Dorota

doi:10.15376/biores.15.2.4052-4064

Cited by 26 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Overall, the introduction of oak bark powder led to improvement in the liquid resin's properties. The shortening of gel time is particularly important from the technological point of view, since a pressing cycle should be as short as possible to reduce the energy consumption [45,46].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Application of Oak Bark Powder as a Filler for Melamine-Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesive in Plywood Manufacturing

Mirski

Kawalerczyk

Dziurka

et al. 2020

Forests

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The woodworking industry generates a great amount of bark which has not yet found a wider industrial application. None of the previously conducted research has considered oak bark application (which is one of the most often processed wood species in Poland) as a filler for wood adhesives. Moreover, no studies have determined the properties of bark containing melamine-urea-formaldehyde resin (MUF), which increasingly replaces pure urea-formaldehyde adhesives. Thus, the aim of the study was to determine the possibility of grinded oak bark application as a filler for MUF adhesive in plywood manufacturing. The chemical composition of oak bark was evaluated. Properties of liquid resins, such as viscosity, gel time, pH, and solid content, were determined. Chemical interaction between the filler and resin was assessed with using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Plywood panels manufactured using MUF adhesive filled with different bark concentrations (10%, 15%, 20%, 25%) were tested in terms of such properties as formaldehyde release and bonding quality. Studies have shown an improvement in liquid resin properties. The course of FTIR spectra did not explain the chemical interaction between the polymer and the filler. The addition of oak bark at a concentration of 15% made it possible to produce plywood panels characterized by reduced formaldehyde release and improved bonding quality.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Application of Oak Bark Powder as a Filler for Melamine-Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesive in Plywood Manufacturing

Mirski

Kawalerczyk

Dziurka

et al. 2020

Forests

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“…Harmful formaldehyde emissions can be reduced by adding various inorganic, organic, and mineral compounds as formaldehyde scavengers to conventional wood adhesives, such as phosphates, salts, urea, nanoparticles, bark, tannins, etc. [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ], by surface treatment of finished wood-based panels [ 34 ] or by using eco-friendly, formaldehyde-free adhesive formulations [ 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties of High-Density Fiberboard Bonded with Urea–Formaldehyde Resin and Ammonium Lignosulfonate as a Bio-Based Additive

et al. 2021

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The potential of ammonium lignosulfonate (ALS) as an eco-friendly additive to urea–formaldehyde (UF) resin for manufacturing high-density fiberboard (HDF) panels with acceptable properties and low free formaldehyde emission was investigated in this work. The HDF panels were manufactured in the laboratory with very low UF resin content (4%) and ALS addition levels varying from 4% to 8% based on the mass of the dry wood fibers. The press factor applied was 15 s·mm−1. The physical properties (water absorption and thickness swelling), mechanical properties (bending strength, modulus of elasticity, and internal bond strength), and free formaldehyde emission were evaluated in accordance with the European standards. In general, the developed HDF panels exhibited acceptable physical and mechanical properties, fulfilling the standard requirements for HDF panels for use in load-bearing applications. Markedly, the laboratory-produced panels had low free formaldehyde emission ranging from 2.0 to 1.4 mg/100 g, thus fulfilling the requirements of the E0 and super E0 emission grades and confirming the positive effect of ALS as a formaldehyde scavenger. The thermal analyses performed, i.e., differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), also confirmed the main findings of the research. It was concluded that ALS as a bio-based, formaldehyde-free adhesive can be efficiently utilized as an eco-friendly additive to UF adhesive formulations for manufacturing wood-based panels under industrial conditions.

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“…Moreover, it is also appreciated as a packaging material due to its ease of processing, lightness and durability, and in transport as a fl ooring material or in trailers construction. The properties of plywood and consequently its application depend on the quality of veneers and the type of used adhesive (Kawalerczyk et al, 2020c;Mirski et al, 2011).…”

Section: Materijalimentioning

confidence: 99%

Possibility of Use of NCC-Reinforced Melamine-Urea- Formaldehyde Adhesive in Plywood Manufacturing

et al. 2021

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The possibility of using nanocellulose (NCC) as a filling substance for melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) adhesive was investigated for the process of manufacturing plywood. The adhesive mixtures were prepared with various nanocellulose concentrations. The amount of introduced filler had a significant effect on both resin and plywood characteristics. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) did not show any major changes between experimental and reference variants. The viscosity of resin increased after the introduction of nanocellulose. The addition of NCC in the amount of 5 g and 10 g per 100 g of solid resin led to an improvement in bonding quality, modulus of elasticity and bending strength. Further increase of NCC concentration caused a deterioration of manufactured plywood properties. In summary, the addition of proper amount of nanocellulose resulted in manufacturing plywood with improved properties.

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Hemp flour as a formaldehyde scavenger for melamine-urea-formaldehyde adhesive in plywood production

Cited by 26 publications

References 28 publications

The Application of Oak Bark Powder as a Filler for Melamine-Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesive in Plywood Manufacturing

The Application of Oak Bark Powder as a Filler for Melamine-Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesive in Plywood Manufacturing

Properties of High-Density Fiberboard Bonded with Urea–Formaldehyde Resin and Ammonium Lignosulfonate as a Bio-Based Additive

Possibility of Use of NCC-Reinforced Melamine-Urea- Formaldehyde Adhesive in Plywood Manufacturing

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