Hemolytic Anemia in Horses Associated with Ingestion of <i>Pistacia</i> Leaves

Bozorgmanesh, Rana; Magdesian, K. Gary; Rhodes, Diane M.; Dollen, K. A. Von; Walter, Kyla M.; Moore, Caroline E.; Puschner, Birgit; Woods, Leslie W.; Torrisi, K.; Voß, Egbert

doi:10.1111/jvim.12532

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The horse in our study had moderately increased iron concentration in the liver, suggestive of a hemolytic process. 5 This level of iron in the liver is, however, a common finding in horses dying from a variety of causes and it is often considered an incidental finding associated with congestion and postmortem autolysis (authors' unpublished observation).…”

Section: Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis (Inh) Is Caused Bymentioning

confidence: 99%

Infectious necrotic hepatitis caused by Clostridium novyi type B in a horse: case report and review of the literature

et al. 2017

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A 14-y-old bay Quarter Horse gelding was presented with progressive neurologic signs, elevated rectal temperature, and icterus for 3 d prior to death. Postmortem examination revealed icterus, large amounts of serosanguineous fluid in the abdominal cavity, widespread petechiae and ecchymoses in several organs, and a large, pale, and well-demarcated focus of necrosis in the liver. Histologically, there was coagulative necrosis surrounded by a rim of inflammatory cells and large numbers of gram-positive rods, which were identified as Clostridium novyi by immunohistochemistry. Liver samples tested by PCR were positive for C. novyi type B flagellin and alpha toxin genes, but negative for Clostridium haemolyticum and other clostridia. Based on postmortem findings and ancillary tests, a definitive diagnosis of infectious necrotic hepatitis (INH) was made. Mostly a disease of ruminants, also known as black disease, INH has rarely been reported in horses, and a definitive etiologic diagnosis has not been achieved previously; the etiology of all cases reported to date was identified as C. novyi but the type was not determined. Animals are predisposed to clostridial hepatitis when hepatic anaerobiosis is established. Such conditions allow germination and proliferation of bacterial spores, resulting in production and release of toxins. INH, caused by C. novyi type B, and bacillary hemoglobinuria, caused by C. haemolyticum, are mechanistically and pathologically almost indistinguishable. Because these 2 microorganisms are closely related, differentiation requires molecular tools.

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Section: Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis (Inh) Is Caused Bymentioning

confidence: 99%

Infectious necrotic hepatitis caused by Clostridium novyi type B in a horse: case report and review of the literature

et al. 2017

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“…Additional causes of methemoglobinemia include nitrate poisoning, chlorate toxicosis, phenothiazine toxicosis, onion (Allium spp.) ingestion, congenital methemoglobinemia, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) deficiency, and drugs such as phenacetin and acetanilide (2,3,5). In this case, another horse from the same property concurrently developed similar clinical signs of hemolytic anemia and, given the local epidemiology and that no infectious organisms were visualized in peripheral blood, RMT was considered most likely in this case.…”

Section: Most Likely Etiology: Red Maple Leaf Toxicosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Presumptive red maple leaf toxicosis in a horse

et al. 2023

BJVP

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“…Under normal conditions, equine erythrocytes have sufficient capability to prevent oxidative damage. However, increased levels of catalyzing oxidants in circulation, as may be seen following ingestion of an oxidizing toxin, may overwhelm the horse's ability to reduce methemoglobin and regenerate reduced GSH to prevent oxidative damage to erythrocytes, making horses more likely to develop hemolytic anemia and methemoglobinemia following ingestion of oxidizing toxins [3,8,13].…”

Section: Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Disorders Affecting Equine Blood Cells and Coagulation Factors: A-State-of-The-Art Review

Satué

Muñoz

2019

J. Hematol. Res.

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Genetic diseases that affect blood cells and clotting factors in the horse are uncommon. Unfortunately, the prognosis is reserved, because the treatment in many cases is only symptomatic and when it fails, euthanasia of the patient is the only viable option. The detection of carriers is of pivotal importance in order to prevent the spread of these disorders in the equine population. This manuscript reviews the current state of knowledge of genetic diseases that affect red blood cells, leukocytes, platelets and clotting factors in the horse. The genetic diseases that affect equine red blood cells are defects in the activity of enzymes and cofactors involved in erythrocytes metabolism, such as glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase, flavin adenine dinucleotide, glutathione reductase and glutathione. Therefore, their deficiency triggers methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia. Genetic disorders affecting granulocytes are rare in horses, but a Pelget-Hüet anomaly has been reported. Primary immunodeficiencies described in horses and arising from defects in the immune system are severe combined immunodeficiency, X-linked agammaglobulinemia and Fell pony immunodeficiency syndrome. Because of the immunodeficiency, foals usually develop fatal infections during the first weeks or months of life, caused for opportunistic organisms. Prognosis of these animals is poor. The most common genetic defect of platelet is Glanzmann thrombasthenia, which results in prolonged bleeding time and hematoma formation. Spontaneous bleeding or impaired hemostasis after trauma or surgery are clinical findings in types 1 and 2 von Willebrand disease. Hemophilia A, resulting from a decreased activity of coagulation factor VIII has also been described in male horses of different breeds, being the most common genetic disorder affecting coagulation factor in the horse. Prekallikrein deficit, although described in some horses, is a rare genetic coagulation factor deficiency.

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Hemolytic Anemia in Horses Associated with Ingestion of Pistacia Leaves

Cited by 10 publications

References 9 publications

Infectious necrotic hepatitis caused by Clostridium novyi type B in a horse: case report and review of the literature

Infectious necrotic hepatitis caused by Clostridium novyi type B in a horse: case report and review of the literature

Presumptive red maple leaf toxicosis in a horse

Genetic Disorders Affecting Equine Blood Cells and Coagulation Factors: A-State-of-The-Art Review

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