Hemoglobin, Plasma Protein and Cell Protein—their Interchange and Construction in Emergencies

Whipple, G. H.; Madden, S. C.

doi:10.1097/00005792-194409000-00001

Cited by 72 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…It has been shown that in acute infections the urine nitrogen is very greatly increased (15), the same being true, though to a lesser extent, in chronic infections. It is generally recognized that the plasma albumin concentration is an index of protein reserves (16). Since globin is derived from these reserves (17), the fact that in chronic infection the plasma albumin concentration may be low (18) is probably significant in relation to the pathogenesis of the anemia of infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Anemia of Infection. V. Fate of Injected Radioactive Iron in the Presence of Inflammation 1

Greenberg¹,

Ashenbrucker²,

Lauritsen³

et al. 1947

J. Clin. Invest.

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Since hypoferremia is so consistently associated with the anemia of infection (1), and since injected iron appears to be diverted from the plasma in infection (1, 2), it seemed desirable to determine the fate of the diverted iron.In this study, radioactive iron was injected intravenously into normal rats and in rats with acute inflammation. The blood and tissues were then analyzed after a period of time for radioactivity. Preliminary studies were made in which only the blood and liver were analyzed in order to determine the appropriate amount of iron to employ. Radioactive iron was also injected intravenously into dogs, and analyses were carried out on a number of tissues, including the exudates. METHODSThe radioactive iron used in these studies was injected as ferric chloride in physiological saline. For the rats, the concentration was adjusted so that about 0.2 ml. was injected for each 100 grams body weight. In all the rats the same tuberculin syringe was employed for this purpose. In order to be certain that the solution did not enter subcutaneously, the vein on the lateral aspect of the tail was exposed under nembutal anesthesia and the solution was injected intravenously. In one experiment Fe was injected intraperitoneally.Inflammation was produced by the intramuscular injection of 0.5 ml. of turpentine. Robscheit-Robbins and Wlhipple (3) have shown that the resulting sterile abscess can be compared with a bacterial abscess. In some animals, 0.5 ml. of a mixed culture of S. aureus and E. coli was injected intramuscularly. Injections of bacteria or turpentine were made about 2 hours before Fe was administered.The methods for preparing and electroplating the Fe from the biological samples have been described elsewhere (4). Blood volume was estimated by assuming that the normal mammal possesses 80 ml. blood per kgm. body weight. Hemoglobin was determined in a representative sample of the tissue to be analyzed for radio-

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Anemia of Infection. V. Fate of Injected Radioactive Iron in the Presence of Inflammation 1

Greenberg¹,

Ashenbrucker²,

Lauritsen³

et al. 1947

J. Clin. Invest.

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“…Patterns of normal dogs and successive analyses in the same dog (Tables 2 and 3) indicate a range of variation no greater than that reported for human plasmas (7,24). Suitably designed experiments in the dog may thus prove applicable to problems of general interest in plasma protein metabolism and may be of aid in studying some of the interesting pathological Constant plasma protein concentration in the normal animal reflects a steady state between tissue proteins on the one hand and plasma proteins on the other (12,23,35). In plasmapheresis experiments we disturb the steady state and observe the process of its restoration toward normal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…~LECTROPIIOI~ETIC STUDIIES ON PLASMA PROTEIN M~TA.BOLIS~ tissue reserves on the one hand and plasma proteins on the other has been formulated to explain such observations (23,34,35). This concept pictures cellular protein as consisting, in a physiological sense, of three portions--an indispensable fraction, a dispensable fraction, and a labile fraction (34).…”

Section: ~16mentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma Protein Metabolism—electrophoretic Studies

Zeldis

Alling

1945

Journal of Experimental Medicine

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Electrophoretic patterns of normal dog plasma in veronal buffer at pH 8.5 are shown to be essentially similar to patterns of human plasma. Dog albumin has a higher mobility than human albumin and in a mixture of dog and human plasmas migrates as a partially separated peak. Normal dog plasma frequently shows four alpha globulin peaks. Rates of restoration of plasma protein components in dogs subjected to acute plasmapheresis have been studied by electrophoresis. During the first 24 hours following such acute depletion, appreciable quantities of all electrophoretic components of the plasma proteins enter the circulating blood stream even when food is not given and has not been given for 12 hours before plasmapheresis. In such fasting periods albumin and total globulin appear in approximately the proportions present in normal plasma. Alpha and beta globulins continue relatively elevated during subsequent days in which caloric and protein intakes are adequate for weight and nitrogen gains. Initial albumin levels, however, are regained more slowly than those of total globulin. The relative proportions of the electrophoretic components of plasma proteins may be disturbed from normal following a single acute depletion for as long as 2 to 3 weeks after the total protein level has returned to normal. Abnormally high beta globulin and fibrinogen, but a low albumin, were found in a dog with an acute and chronic cholangitis and hepatitis. Similar elevation of gamma globulin was noted in a dog in which a hemolytic reaction occurred.

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“…This adds up to a dynamic equilibrium in body protein production, storage, and utilization or exchange (9,21,22).…”

Section: (From the Departments Of Radiation Biology Radiology And Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Radioactive Lysine in Studies of Protein Metabolism

Miller

Bale

Yuile

et al. 1949

Journal of Experimental Medicine

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Racemic lysine labeled with C14 in the epsilon carbon position was fed to dogs. The distribution of C14 in blood and tissue fractions is recorded. In normal dogs sacrificed at 24 hours, approximately one-third of the C14 was found in the urine, one-third in expired air, and one-third in the body, mostly in protein, predomantly as lysine residues. The rate of C14 excretion as CO2, hour by hour, paralleled closely the amount of non-protein C14 in the blood plasma. The liver, kidney, pancreas, and spleen all have high values for C14 in 24 hour and 17 day experiments. The gastrointestinal tract is significantly high in the 24 hour experiments. Plasma protein from animals previously fed C14 containing lysine and thus in turn labeled, was transfused into other dogs and the rate of disappearance of albumin and globulin fractions from the circulation of the recipient dog followed. The results lead to the conclusion that as a whole, plasma proteins are utilized and replaced at a rate of at least 10 per cent per 24 hours. This minimum rate is substantially faster than turnover rates commonly accepted and emphasizes the rôle played by the plasma proteins in the protein economy of the body. The exact rate determination is made uncertain by the lack of knowledge of the magnitude of the amount of protein in solution in extracellular and lymph spaces and its rate of equilibrium with circulating plasma proteins. Evidence from these transfusion studies indicates that plasma globulin is metabolized at a significantly faster rate than plasma albumin. This is confirmed by the observation that following the feeding of labeled lysine to dogs, C14 is first incorporated in globulin in high concentration but that later it also disappears more rapidly from the globulin fraction. These data suggest that the period of bone marrow maturation of the red cell during which time its related hemoglobin is synthesized does not exceed 3 to 5 days.

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Hemoglobin, Plasma Protein and Cell Protein—their Interchange and Construction in Emergencies

Cited by 72 publications

References 0 publications

The Anemia of Infection. V. Fate of Injected Radioactive Iron in the Presence of Inflammation 1

The Anemia of Infection. V. Fate of Injected Radioactive Iron in the Presence of Inflammation 1

Plasma Protein Metabolism—electrophoretic Studies

The Use of Radioactive Lysine in Studies of Protein Metabolism

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