Hemoglobin of pandas: Phylogenetic relationships of carnivores as ascertained with protein sequence data

Tagle, Danilo A.; Miyamoto, Michael M.; Goodman, Morris; Hofmann, Ottmar; Braunitzer, Gerhard; Göltenboth, R; Jalanka, H.

doi:10.1007/bf00367205

Cited by 24 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Results of an earlier investigation of hemoglobin protein amino acid sequences (Tagle et al, 1986) resemble those of our analysis of multiple genes in their support of a sister group relationship between the pandas (either separately or together) and a clade of Musteloidea (s.s.-the mustelids and procyonids; no skunks were included). However, those results must be interpreted with great caution, as they proposed a relationship (linkage of red and giant pandas) in strong conflict with almost all later studies, derived from less rigorous analysis of more restricted taxonomic and character data sets.…”

mentioning

confidence: 68%

Whence the Red Panda?

Flynn

Nedbal

Dragoo

et al. 2000

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

114

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mentioning

confidence: 68%

Whence the Red Panda?

Flynn

Nedbal

Dragoo

et al. 2000

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

114

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“…However, on the basis of behavioral similarities between the giant panda and the lesser panda, some authorities have favored the two-panda viewpoint (1,7). Support for the close evolutionary affinity of the two pandas has also been derived from hemoglobin amino acid sequence data and restriction fragment length polymorphisms of mtDNA (8,9).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitochondrial DNA sequence evolution in the Arctoidea.

Zhang

Ryder

1993

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

111

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Some taxa in the superfamily Arctoidea, such as the giant panda and the lesser panda, have presented puzzles to taxonomists. In the present study, -397 bases of the cytochrome b gene, 364 bases of the 12S rRNA gene, and 74 bases of the tRNAThr and tRNAF'rO genes from the giant panda, lesser panda, kinkajou, raccoon, coatimundi, and all species of the Ursidae were sequenced. The high transition/transversion ratios in cytochrome b and RNA genes prior to saturation suggest that the presumed transition bias may represent a trend for some mammalian lineages rather than strictly a primate phenomenon. Transversions in the 12S rRNA gene accumulate in arctoids at about half the rate reported for artiodactyls. Different arctoid lineages evolve at different rates: the kinkajou, a procyonid, evolves the fastest, 1.7-1.9 times faster than the slowest lineage that comprises the spectacled and polar bears. Generation-time effect can only partially explain the different rates of nucleotide substitution in arctoids. Our results based on parsimony analysis show that the giant panda is more closely related to bears than to the lesser panda; the lesser panda is neither closely related to bears nor to the New World procyonids. The kinkaijou, raccoon, and coatimundi diverged from each other very early, even though they group together. The polar bear is closely related to the spectacled bear, and they began to diverge from a common mitochondrial ancestor ':'2 million years ago. Relationships of the remaining five bear species are derived.The Arctoidea (Canoidea) is an extant superfamily of Carnivora that contains four families: Canidae, Ursidae, Procyonidae, and Mustelidae (1). The relationships of some arctoid carnivores, such as the giant panda and lesser panda, are a continuing controversy to taxonomists.The giant panda is a specialist bamboo feeder and might well be the most popular wild animal worldwide. Is the giant panda a bear; is it, like the lesser panda, a member of the Procyonidae (raccoon family); or is it in its own family? On the basis of comparative anatomical studies, immunological distances, DNA hybridization, isozyme electrophoresis, karyological evidence, and palaeontological information, the giant panda has been classified into the Ursidae, the bear family (2-6). However, the giant panda shows differences from bears in its genital structure, behavior, hemoglobin sequences, and restriction fragment length polymorphisms of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that indicate that it is not closely related to bears (1, 7-9).The lesser panda has been variously placed in the Procyonidae, in its own family (Ailuridae), or in the Ursidae or allied with the giant panda (1, 10-12).Classification of ursids at the generic and species level remains controversial. For example, seven species are usually recognized and organized into from two to six genera (1,12,13).In the present study, we sequenced segments of mitochondrial cytochrome b, 12S rRNA, tRNAPro, and tRNAThr genesThe publication costs of this article were defrayed in part...

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“…Given this rapid radiation, it is not surprising that the taxonomic status of bears has been enigmatic and controversial. One long standing problem concerns the placement of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca): while molecular data generally support inclusion of the giant panda within the Ursidae (O'Brien et al, 1985;Nash and O'Brien, 1987;Goldman et al, 1987;Wayne et al, 1989;Hashimoto et al, 1993), this is still being challenged at the molecular (Tagle et al, 1988;Zhang and Shi, 1991) and morphological (Kitchener, 1994) levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%