Hemoglobin‐Inorganic Hybrid Nanoflowers with Different Metal Ions as Potential Oxygen Carrying Systems

Abstract

Protein-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers have tremendous potential in bionanotechnology due to their simple method of preparation, high stability and superior properties. Considering these features, the present study was designed to investigate the artificial blood substitution potentials of hemoglobin-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers. In this context, hemoglobin-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers (Cu-NF, Co-NF and Zn-NF) were synthesized using with different metal ions (copper, cobalt and zinc), then their oxygen carrying capacity, the hemolytic studies, in vitro oxidant/antioxidant capacity levels and oxidative stress index were reported for the first time. The present findings have revealed that Zn-NF had significant oxygen content and artificial oxygen carriers (AOC), as well as a significantly low percent hemolysis rate and a safe standard value. Also, hemolysis rate decreased along with the increases in hemoglobin content coupled with increments in nanoflower concentrations. The percentage hemolysis rate was lower than all nanoflowers at low free hemoglobin concentration, but hemolysis rates also increased with increments in concentration. The results showed that in general, Zn-NF stands out with its high total antioxidant capacity and low total oxidant capacity and oxidative stress index. The obtained results showed that Cu-NF and Co-NF, especially Zn-NF might be considered as a potential superior artificial oxygen carrier. Therefore, this nanoflower system might be act as an efficient material as a blood substitute in the near future.

Glucose Tolerance, Antiprotease Activity and Total Oxidant/Antioxidant Capacity Studies of β‐Glucosidase Hybrid Nanoflower for Industrial Applications

“…In our previous study, we evaluated the TAC, TOC and OSI levels of different concentrations of hemoglobin‐inorganic hybrid nanoflowers (Cu‐NF, Co‐NF and Zn‐NF) reporting that Zn‐NF at 0.625, 1.25 and 2.5 μg/mL and Cu‐NF at 5 μg/mL exhibited significantly high TAC level whereas Co‐NF usually had the lowest TAC level. Although OSI levels of Zn‐NF was quite low, Co‐NF was relatively high [40] . Guven and co‐workers found that different concentrations of organic@inorganic hybrid copper nanofowers (0.15625, 0.3125, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/ml) significantly reduced DPPH levels [41] .…”

“…Although OSI levels of Zn-NF was quite low, Co-NF was relatively high. [40] Guven and co-workers found that different concentrations of organic@inorganic hybrid copper nanofowers (0.15625, 0.3125, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/ ml) significantly reduced DPPH levels. [41] Wang coworkers reported that newly synthesized MnO 2 @PtCo nanoflowers alleviated hypoxia conditions and induced cell apoptosis by ROS-mediated mechanism.…”

Controllable Synthesis of Hemoglobin–Metal Phosphate Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Nanoflowers and Their Applications in Biocatalysis

“…Such an activation effect of metal cations on enzymes was confirmed by studying the properties of CaHPO 4 -α-amylase and FeP 4 -horseradish peroxidase (HRP) HNFs. , The α-amylase and HRP are metalloenzymes with active centers containing calcium and iron ions, and the introduction of Ca 2+ and Fe 2+ can interact with the amino acid residues of the enzyme, which can lead to activation of the enzyme. Altinkaynak et al synthesized hemoglobin (Hb)–phosphate HNFs by a one-pot method and confirmed the activation of Cu 2+ , Co 2+ , and Zn 2+ on the oxygen-carrying capacity of Hb. Depending on the properties of the enzyme and the metal cation, the metal cation has the effect of either activating or deactivating the enzyme; thus, it is necessary to select the appropriate metal cations when synthesizing these HNFs.…”