Hemodynamic Changes in the Prefrontal Cortex during Digit Span Task: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study

Kaneko, Hitoshi; Yoshikawa, Toru; Nomura, Kenji; Ito, Hiroyuki; Yamauchi, Haruka; Ogura, Masayoshi; Honjo, Shuji

doi:10.1159/000323446

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…This task demands sustained attention and active manipulation of information (Kaneko et al, 2011), making it a viable indicator of the executive capacity for continuous monitoring and updating information in working memory (Engle, 2002). Reliability data are unavailable for the present sample, who were tested only once.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating affective and cognitive correlates of heart rate variability: A structural equation modeling approach

Mann

Selby

Bates

et al. 2015

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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High frequency heart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of neurocardiac communication thought to reflect predominantly parasympathetic cardiac regulation. Low HRV has been associated empirically with clinical and subclinical levels of anxiety and depression and, more recently, high levels of HRV have been associated with better performance on some measures of executive functioning (EF). These findings have offered support for theories proposing HRV as an index measure of a broad, self-regulatory capacity underlying aspects of emotion regulation and executive control. This study sought to test that proposition by using a structural equation modeling approach to examine the relationships of HRV to negative affect (NA) and EF in a large sample of U.S. adults ages 30s–80s. HRV was modeled as a predictor of an NA factor (self-reported trait anxiety and depression symptoms) and an EF factor (performance on three neuropsychological tests tapping facets of executive abilities). Alternative models also were tested to determine the utility of HRV for predicting NA and EF, with and without statistical control of demographic and health-related covariates. In the initial structural model, HRV showed a significant positive relationship to EF and a nonsignificant relationship to NA. In a covariate-adjusted model, HRV’s associations with both constructs were nonsignificant. Age emerged as the only significant predictor of NA and EF in the final model, showing inverse relationships to both. Findings may reflect population and methodological differences from prior research; they also suggest refinements to the interpretations of earlier findings and theoretical claims regarding HRV.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating affective and cognitive correlates of heart rate variability: A structural equation modeling approach

Mann

Selby

Bates

et al. 2015

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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“…The literature reports that prefrontal cortical activity is heightened during the performance of cognitive tasks (Herrmann et al, 2006 ; Kaneko et al, 2011 ; Ohsugi et al, 2013 ), fine motor tasks (Okamoto et al, 2004 ), and dual-tasks (Holtzer et al, 2011 ; Doi et al, 2013 ; Ohsugi et al, 2013 ). A number of studies have detected incremental increases in parallel with the complexity of cognitive tasks (Shibuya-Tayoshi et al, 2007 ; Kaneko et al, 2011 ; Ayaz et al, 2012b ; Verner et al, 2013 ). Likewise, a number of fNIRS studies of walking have demonstrated that more complex walking tasks also require heightened prefrontal activity relative to undemanding steady state walking.…”

Section: Measuring the Balance Between Automatic And Executive Contromentioning

confidence: 99%

Automaticity of walking: functional significance, mechanisms, measurement and rehabilitation strategies

Clark

2015

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

303

276

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Automaticity is a hallmark feature of walking in adults who are healthy and well-functioning. In the context of walking, “automaticity” refers to the ability of the nervous system to successfully control typical steady state walking with minimal use of attention-demanding executive control resources. Converging lines of evidence indicate that walking deficits and disorders are characterized in part by a shift in the locomotor control strategy from healthy automaticity to compensatory executive control. This is potentially detrimental to walking performance, as an executive control strategy is not optimized for locomotor control. Furthermore, it places excessive demands on a limited pool of executive reserves. The result is compromised ability to perform basic and complex walking tasks and heightened risk for adverse mobility outcomes including falls. Strategies for rehabilitation of automaticity are not well defined, which is due to both a lack of systematic research into the causes of impaired automaticity and to a lack of robust neurophysiological assessments by which to gauge automaticity. These gaps in knowledge are concerning given the serious functional implications of compromised automaticity. Therefore, the objective of this article is to advance the science of automaticity of walking by consolidating evidence and identifying gaps in knowledge regarding: (a) functional significance of automaticity; (b) neurophysiology of automaticity; (c) measurement of automaticity; (d) mechanistic factors that compromise automaticity; and (e) strategies for rehabilitation of automaticity.

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“…Metabolic activity is estimated based on the characteristic properties of infrared light absorption by oxygenated hemoglobin and deoxygenated hemoglobin (markers of oxygen delivery and utilization) (Bunce et al, 2006). Prefrontal activation has been shown to be broadly linked to the amount of attention/intention directed toward cognitive and motor tasks, including walking (Okamoto et al, 2004; Herrmann et al, 2006; Suzuki et al, 2008; Atsumori et al, 2010; Kaneko et al, 2011; Koenraadt et al, 2014). In some studies, higher levels of prefrontal activity have been linked to better performance under novel task conditions (Ohsugi et al, 2013; Ishikuro et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilization of central nervous system resources for preparation and performance of complex walking tasks in older adults

Clark

Rose

Ring

et al. 2014

Front. Aging Neurosci.

105

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Introduction: Walking in the home and community often involves performance of complex walking tasks. Understanding the control of such tasks is crucial to preserving independence and quality of life in older adults. However, very little research has been conducted in this area. Here, we assess the extent to which two measures of central nervous system (CNS) activity are responsive to the challenges posed by preparation and performance of complex walking tasks. Prefrontal cortical activity was measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and sympathetic nervous system arousal was measured by skin conductance level (SCL).Materials and methods: Sixteen older men and women (age: 77.2 ± 5.6 years) with mild mobility deficits participated in this study. Participants walked at their preferred speed without distractions along an unobstructed, well-lit course (control task) and also walked on the same course under five separate challenging conditions: performing a cognitive verbal fluency task (verbal task), dim lighting (dim task), carrying a tray (carry task), negotiating obstacles (obstacles task) and wearing a weighted vest (vest task). Mean prefrontal activation and SCL were calculated during the preparation and performance phases of each task. Gait spatiotemporal measurements were acquired by an instrumented gait mat.Results: Prefrontal cortical activity and SCL were elevated during the preparation phase of complex walking tasks relative to the control task. During the performance phase, prefrontal activity remained elevated to a similar level as during task preparation. In contrast, SCL continued to increase beyond the level observed during task preparation. A larger increase in prefrontal activity was found to be linked to preserved quality of gait during complex walking tasks.Discussion: These findings indicate that availability and utilization of CNS resources are important for optimizing performance of complex walking tasks in older adults.

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Hemodynamic Changes in the Prefrontal Cortex during Digit Span Task: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study

Cited by 23 publications

References 65 publications

Integrating affective and cognitive correlates of heart rate variability: A structural equation modeling approach

Integrating affective and cognitive correlates of heart rate variability: A structural equation modeling approach

Automaticity of walking: functional significance, mechanisms, measurement and rehabilitation strategies

Utilization of central nervous system resources for preparation and performance of complex walking tasks in older adults

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