Hemodialysis

Causes of death in patients with childhood-onset type 1 diabetes receiving dialysis in Japan: Diabetes Epidemiology Research International (DERI) Mortality Study

“…Systemic factors, such as immunosuppression (Yeun, Ornt, & Depner, 2011), diabetes, and low albumin, have been found to be associated with increased risk of bacteremia (Nassar & Ayus, 2001).…”

Extracorporeal renal replacement therapy and blood purification in critical care

“…Intermittent hemodialysis typically is provided for 3–6 hours per daily session and repeated on a variable daily schedule (usually 3 times weekly) after an initial period of patient management that may include 2–3 consecutive daily sessions. The overall efficiency of IHD permits near normalization of body fluid composition and volume during a single treatment session, but its efficiency and intermittent delivery, results in large, “saw tooth” excursions in solute concentration and fluid volume during and between treatments that are nonphysiologic . These rather drastic excursions are generally tolerated in patients with chronic kidney disease and in hemodynamically stable AKI, but may be tolerated poorly in patients with severe or hemodynamically unstable AKI associated with sepsis, shock, hypoxia, and severe fluid overload .…”

Prednisolone treatment in acute interstitial nephritis (PRAISE) – protocol for the randomized controlled trial

“…Renal biopsies forming the basis for the diagnosis and patient inclusion are performed at the local pathology services. The histological diagnosis of AIN is based on the finding of inflammatory cells in the renal tissue, primarily in the interstitium and possibly in the renal tubules, while blood vessels and glomeruli are spared [7,15,18].…”

“…Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is an important and common cause of acute renal failure and occurs in 13-27% of renal biopsies performed in acute renal failure requiring dialysis in 40% of cases [3][4][5][6]. Histologically AIN is characterized by peritubular inflammation while glomeruli and vessels are typically spared [7]. Although some patients recover renal function completely, as many as 30-70% do not fully regain renal function leading to chronic kidney disease (CKD) [6,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14].…”

“…In addition to renal failure AIN may present with joint pain (45%), fever (36%), skin rash (22%), eosinophilia (35%), microscopic hematuria (67%), macroscopic hematuria (5%), leukocyturia (82%), non-nephrotic proteinuria (93%), nephrotic proteinuria (3%) and nephrotic syndrome (1%) [15]. AIN can be subdivided in 3 categories based on the precipitating cause: drug induced (75%), infection (5-10%) or autoimmune diseases (15-20%) [5,7,[16][17][18]. The pathophysiological mechanisms leading to renal inflammation in AIN are not fully clarified.…”