Hemocyte Morphology and Cellular Immune Response in Termite (Reticulitermes speratus)

Hong, Min Wook; Hwang, Dooseon; Cho, Saeyoull

doi:10.1093/jisesa/iey039

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The molecular mechanisms underlying insect cellular immunity remains unclear [ 2 ]. Since the in vitro system of insect hemocytes that retains their original characteristics is a requisite for examining the essential processes of cellular immune reactions, attempts to develop hemocyte primary cell cultures have been made in several insects, including the honey bee [ 40 , 63 – 68 ]. Primary cultured honey bee hemocytes could be infected with sacbrood virus and Flock House virus, which replicate intercellularly and peak in abundance 72–96 hours after infection [ 40 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A simple method for ex vivo honey bee cell culture capable of in vitro gene expression analysis

et al. 2021

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Cultured cells are a very powerful tool for investigating biological events in vitro; therefore, cell lines have been established not only in model insect species, but also in non-model species. However, there are few reports on the establishment of stable cell lines and development of systems to introduce genes into the cultured cells of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). We describe a simple ex vivo cell culture system for the honey bee. Hemocyte cells obtained from third and fourth instar larvae were cultured in commercial Grace’s insect medium or MGM-450 insect medium for more than two weeks maintaining a normal morphology without deterioration. After an expression plasmid vector bearing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) gene driven by the immediate early 2 (IE2) viral promoter was transfected into cells, EGFP fluorescence was detected in cells for more than one week from one day after transfection. Furthermore, double-stranded RNA corresponding to a part of the egfp gene was successfully introduced into cells and interfered with egfp gene expression. A convenient and reproducible method for an ex vivo cell culture that is fully practicable for gene expression assays was established for the honey bee.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A simple method for ex vivo honey bee cell culture capable of in vitro gene expression analysis

et al. 2021

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“…The insect hemocyte types are classified according to their relative size, their morphology, and their uptake of various dyes. Using these methods, over the years, we have categorized the hemocytes of a variety of insects, while simultaneously improving techniques to identify and characterize insect immune cells 5,8,9,29,30 . However, insect hemocyte types are often misclassified depending on the conditions under which experiments are performed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, to accurately classify insect hemocytes ex vivo , techniques must be employed that maintain them in vivo state. For this purpose, we recently developed a method that allows insect hemocytes to be cultured in vitro for more than 3 weeks 30,31 . This allows us to more easily classify insect hemocytes in vitro and also to observe various immune responses in real time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After centrifugation, the plasma was removed and then pellet was washed with sterile water used for in vitro experiments and hemocyte slide preparation. The hemocytes were cultured and maintained as previously described 30 . Briefly, hemocyte cultures were prepared by mixing ~10 μl hemolymph and ~5 ml of cell culture medium (Schneider’s Insect cell medium: 2 mg/ml tryptose phosphate, 10% inactivated fetal bovine serum, 0.52 mg/ml glucose, 30 mg/ml antimicrobiotics mixture, pH 7.0 with antibiotics) in petri dishes (16-well plates) and cultured at 25 °C for 7 days.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hemocyte-hemocyte adhesion by granulocytes is associated with cellular immunity in the cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus

Cho

2019

Sci Rep

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In this study, more than 1,000 cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) hemocytes were classified based on their size and morphology. These hemocytes were classified into six types: granulocytes, plasmatocytes, prohemocytes, spherulocytes, coagulocytes, and oenocytoids. Hemocyte cultures was observed in real time to determine which hemocytes were associated with cellular immune responses against potential pathogens. Granulocytes were identified as the professional immune cell that mediates nodulation, encapsulation, and phagocytosis of pathogens. Granulocytes have been shown to actively produce various sticky nets (amoeba-like hairs and extracellular traps) from their plasma membranes that they use to gather other hemocytes and to implement cellular immune responses. The activation of lysosomes in granulocytes started at 4 h, peaked at 12 h, and returned to baseline by 24 h post-infection. At 48 h post-infection, cells could be found within the cytoplasm of granulocytes and reactivated lysosomes surrounding these cells were visible. This result seems to reflect a phenomenon in which necrotic granulocytes are removed by other healthy granulocytes. This unique mechanism of cellular immunity is therefore a way to efficiently and effectively remove pathogens and simultaneously maintain healthy hemocytes.

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“…The highest administration (6 μg) of cocoa pectin increased the phagocytic and clearance efficiency and the survival ratio against V. alginolyticus . Moreover, phenoloxidase activity in the granular and semigranular cells, which are the main immune hemocytes that fight invasion by foreign substances 48, was elevated at 1‐day post injection. The results demonstrated the biocompatibility and immunostimulation of cocoa pectin for L. vannamei being a safe and feasible bioactive compound to be used for further feeding trials.…”

Section: Application Of Cocoa‐based Pectin In Food and Biomedical App...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cocoa Pod Husk: A High‐Pectin Source with Applications in the Food and Biomedical Fields

et al. 2022

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Cocoa liquor, butter, and powder represent derived products from a small portion of the fruits, compared with the cocoa pod husk (CPH) which accounts for ~70 % of fresh weight. CPH, improperly disposed in plantations, can cause diseases threatening worldwide chocolate production. However, this biomass can be a potential source of bioactive compounds aligned with the circular economy. An overview on the different methods for extracting pectin, resulting in variable extraction yields with a critical discussion on the obtained physicochemical characteristics, is presented. Additionally, the potential applications of the extracted pectin for food and biomedical application are discussed, including thickener, stabilizer, excipient, drug-release modifier, macrophage activator, etc. Despite these potential outputs, new extraction methods need to be considered for improving efficiency and sustainability. Finally, potential approaches are introduced that can help to minimize the environmental impact, making the extraction cost-and time-efficient, and, therefore, more ssustainable for a further successful translation to industry.

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Hemocyte Morphology and Cellular Immune Response in Termite (Reticulitermes speratus)

Cited by 9 publications

References 24 publications

A simple method for ex vivo honey bee cell culture capable of in vitro gene expression analysis

A simple method for ex vivo honey bee cell culture capable of in vitro gene expression analysis

Hemocyte-hemocyte adhesion by granulocytes is associated with cellular immunity in the cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus

Cocoa Pod Husk: A High‐Pectin Source with Applications in the Food and Biomedical Fields

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