Hemocyte components in crustaceans convert hemocyanin into a phenoloxidase-like enzyme

Adachi, Kohsuke; Hirata, Takashi; Nishi­oka, Takaaki; Sakaguchi, Morihiko

doi:10.1016/s1096-4959(02)00220-8

Cited by 102 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…This cascade also results in the formation of key immune modulators; for ex ample, gene knockout of this enzyme leaves shrimp immune deficient (Liu et al 2007). In some crustaceans, haemocyanin cleavage results in the for mation of an enzyme with catalytic activities similar to that of phenoloxidase (Adachi et al 2003, Decker et al 2007, Terwilliger 2007. In addition, some peptide fragments of haemocyanin have antifungal (Destoumieux-Garzón et al 2001), antibacterial (Lee et al 2003) and antiviral (Lei et al 2008) activities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the copepod parasite Nicothoë astaci on haemolymph chemistry of the European lobster Homarus gammarus

Davies¹,

Vogan²,

Rowley³

2015

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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The gills of the European lobster Homarus gammarus (L.) are susceptible to parasitization by the copepod Nicothoë astaci, the lobster louse. This copepod feeds on haemolymph of the host and can damage the gills, potentially affecting gaseous exchange capabilities. To investigate the host response to the parasite, haemolymph levels of total protein, haemocyanin, glucose and ammonia were quantified in adult lobsters carrying varying parasite loads. Parasite loads correlated positively with total haemolymph protein and haemocyanin concentrations but not with glucose or ammonia concentrations. The data suggest that lobsters with gills damaged by the feeding activities of N. astaci respond by producing higher levels of haemocyanin, which is both a key defence response and may compensate for their decreased respiratory functioning.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the copepod parasite Nicothoë astaci on haemolymph chemistry of the European lobster Homarus gammarus

Davies¹,

Vogan²,

Rowley³

2015

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…Other proteins within the Crustacea have also been reported to have phenoloxidase-like activity. Of significance is the fact that the abundant respiratory pigment haemocyanin can be enzymatically cleaved to produce an enzyme with similar functionality to phenoloxidase (Adachi et al, 2003) meaning that there is an abundant pool of potential enzyme circulating within the haemolymph. Lee et al (2003) have also shown that a cleaved carboxyl-terminal fragment of crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, haemocyanin, Astacidin 1, can act as an antibacterial peptide with activity against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria.…”

Section: Cellular and Non-cellular Immune Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The scope of the crustacean immune system for disease control

Hauton

2012

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology

138

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The culture or wild capture of marine and freshwater shellfish, including crustaceans, is without doubt a key source of protein for a burgeoning world population. Historically the expansion of aquaculture has, however, been accompanied by the increased incidence of economically significant diseases, most notably of viral and bacterial origin. Since the late 1970s great progress has been made in our understanding of the generalized protostome innate immune system. Distinct pathways, pathogen receptor proteins and effector molecules have since been identified that are not ancestral or homologous to those of the deuterostomes, including vertebrates. Within the past decade progress has accelerated with the rapid characterisation of new classes of recognition proteins, immune effectors and regulatory pathways. This paper provides a broad overview of our current understanding of invertebrate immunology, taking the crustacean decapod immune system as its focus. Recent developments in the field are described briefly and their implications and potential considered. These advances offer fundamental new insights in our efforts to understand disease in cultured populations and also to develop knowledge of environmental effects on host/pathogen interactions within a fishery context. Of course, challenges do remain, including the lack of an immortal cell line and the limited publically-available genomic resources. These are considered in this review as priorities for future research effort. With the continued application of more insightful technologies, coupled with associated investment, it is expected that the speed at which some of these issues are resolved will accelerate.

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“…However, the experiment was conducted under in vitro conditions because Hc was activated by SDS, which is not an endogenous factor of prawns. In 2003, Hc was reported to be activated by hemocyte component(s), presumably by serine/cysteine proteases, which are triggered by beta-1,3 glucans like the proPO system [11] (Fig. 9.3b).…”

Section: The Relationship Of Po and Melanogenesis In Prawnsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tachiplecin contains an amphiphilic structure, which suggests that its activation mechanism is identical to that of SDS. The third report is about prawns showing that Hc is converted into a PO-like enzyme by a hemocyte lysate supernatant stimulated by beta-1,3 glucan and is severely inhibited by serine/cysteine protease inhibitors, which indicates that a biodefence-related protease is involved in this system [11]. In addition, this activation is accompanied by the disappearance of S-S bonds between subunits of Hc, the details of which remain unclear.…”

Section: Hemocyanin and Its Enzymatic Activationmentioning

confidence: 99%