Hemmung des Wachstums von Pilzen und Bakterien durch das Hautdrüsensekret von Salamandra maculosa

Habermehl, Gerhard; Preusser, H.-J.

doi:10.1515/znb-1969-1220

Cited by 22 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Nine members of this class of alkaloids were previously described; the three SAMs samandarine, samandarone and O-acetylsamandarine are considered to be the main alkaloids in salamander skin poison (Vences et al, 2014;Sanchez et al, 2018b). Although SAMs might provide an antimicrobial defence (Habermehl & Preusser, 1969, 1970Preusser et al, 1975), they are mostly known for their physiology-disrupting capacities in vertebrates; acting as convulsive neurotoxins that can cause lethal intoxication even in large mammals such as dogs (Erjavec, Lukanc & Zel, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

More yellow more toxic? Sex rather than alkaloid content is correlated with yellow coloration in the fire salamander

et al. 2019

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Prey species signalling their toxicity to potential predators via conspicuous coloration occur frequently in nature. This survival strategy, called aposematism, is thought to be successful when based on honest qualitative or quantitative signalling of toxicity and predator learning behaviour. However, evidence supporting these basic assumptions is absent for most species considered aposematic. Due to their conspicuous black and yellow coloration – in combination with the production of toxic steroidal alkaloids – fire salamanders (genus Salamandra) are textbook examples of aposematism; but whether this signal combination meets the requirements to be considered aposematic in a strict sense remains unclear. We therefore tested one assumption that would support aposematism in this species, that is, whether the alkaloid content is honestly correlated with their warning coloration. We studied fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra terrestris) from different locations in the Solling, an area in Lower Saxony (Germany) known for individuals with high dorsal yellow ratios. We measured the dorsal yellow ratio of 50 individuals from each of three populations, and quantified toxicity (steroidal alkaloid content of the parotoid glands) of twelve individuals per location. We then analysed the correlation between the yellow ratio and various parameters (alkaloid content, sex, and location), as well as the interactions between these. We found no correlation between yellow ratio and toxicity; instead yellow coloration was significantly affected by sex (males displaying more yellow), and location. Our data suggest that besides possibly serving as warning coloration in a toxic species, the conspicuous colour pattern of the fire salamander might be further shaped by sexual selection and genetic drift. Thus, unravelling the effects of coloration in the context of aposematism might not be possible without disentangling the various other influences acting on coloration as a whole.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

More yellow more toxic? Sex rather than alkaloid content is correlated with yellow coloration in the fire salamander

et al. 2019

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“…2018) have been suggested to play a major role in amphibian defenses against pathogens. In Salamandra sp., this is supported by the fact that crude skin secretions show higher antimicrobial activity than individual SAMs (Habermehl & Preusser 1969; Preusser et al . 1975), and that denaturation of proteins in the skin secretions drastically reduces its effectiveness in killing chytrid spores (Smith et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…2018; Smith et al . 2018), and it was demonstrated that S. salamandra individuals completely deprived of their skin secretions succumb to infections within weeks, unless kept in a sterile environment (Habermehl & Preusser 1969). Older literature refers to the compound samandarine as the most potent neurotoxin among the SAMs (Geßner & Esser 1935a; Kellaway 1939; but see Becker 1986; Lüddecke et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxin variation among salamander populations: discussing potential causes and future directions

et al. 2020

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Amphibians produce defensive chemicals which provide protection against both predators and infections. Within species, populations can differ considerably in the composition and amount of these chemical defenses. Studying intraspecific variation in toxins and linking it to environmental variables may help us to identify the selective drivers of toxin evolution, such as predation pressure and infection risk. Recently, there has been a renewed interest in the unique toxins produced by salamanders from the genus Salamandra: the samandarines. Despite this attention, intraspecific variation has largely been ignored within Salamandra-species. The aim of this study was to investigate whether geographic variation in profiles of samandarines exists, by sampling 4 populations of Salamandra atra over its range in the Dinaric Alps. In addition, we preliminary explored whether potential variation could be explained by predation (counting the number of snake species) and infection risk (cultivation and genomic analyses of collected soil samples). Salamanders from the 4 populations differed in toxin composition and in the size of their poison glands, although not in overall toxin quantity. Nor predation nor infection risk could explain this variation, as populations barely differed in these variables. Sampling over a much broader geographic range, using better estimators for predation and infection risk, will contribute to an improved understanding of how environment may shape variation in chemical defenses. Nevertheless, as the 4 populations of S. atra did differ in their toxin profiles, we propose that this species provides an interesting opportunity for further ecological and evolutionary studies on amphibian toxins.

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“… 2 The granular glands can synthesize a wide range of chemical compounds, which provide protection against bacterial and fungal infection as well as predators. 27 Salamanders ( Salamandra salamandra ) deprived of their skin gland secretions soon died from a variety of infections unless kept under sterile conditions, 28 indicating that the glands were important to maintain the skin immune system. Studies have also shown that there were 155 proteins in the skin mucus of Chinese giant salamander and these proteins participated in varieties of physiological activities, including defense, immune response, wound healing, respiration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expressions of IL-6, TNF-α and NF-κB in the skin of Chinese brown frog (Rana dybowskii)

Wang

Chen

et al. 2017

Eur J Histochem

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The cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) mediates a wide range of inflammatory and immune responses. Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α) has a myriad of pro-inflammatory effects on the skin. In this study, we investigated the localizations and expression levels of IL-6, TNF-α and NF-κB in the skin of Rana dybowskii during the breeding period and pre-hibernation. Histologically, the skin of Rana dybowskii consists of epidermis and dermis. Four kinds of cells were identified in the epidermis during the breeding period and pre-hibernation, while the dermis was composed of homogenous gel, mucous glands and granular glands. IL-6, TNF-α and NF-κB were immunolocalized in the epithelial and glandular cells in both periods. Western blotting showed that IL-6, TNF-α and NF-κB were significantly higher in the pre-hibernation compared to the breeding period. Real-Time PCR revealed that the relative mRNA levels of IL-6 and NB-κB in the pre-hibernation increased significantly compared with the breeding period, while the TNF-α mRNA expression levels were no significant difference between these two periods. These results suggested that IL-6, TNF-α and NF-κB may collectively play important roles in the skin immune system of Rana dybowskii during the breeding period and pre-hibernation.

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Hemmung des Wachstums von Pilzen und Bakterien durch das Hautdrüsensekret von Salamandra maculosa

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

More yellow more toxic? Sex rather than alkaloid content is correlated with yellow coloration in the fire salamander

More yellow more toxic? Sex rather than alkaloid content is correlated with yellow coloration in the fire salamander

Toxin variation among salamander populations: discussing potential causes and future directions

Expressions of IL-6, TNF-α and NF-κB in the skin of Chinese brown frog (Rana dybowskii)

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