“…Indeed, studies showing that a speaker's intended affect can be identified in languages unfamiliar to the listener, or when the verbal content is removed by filtering, support this assumption (e.g., Davitz, 1964;Kramer, 1964;MeCluskey, Albas, Niemi, Cuevas, & Ferrer, 1975;Starkweather, 1961). Further support comes from studies of hemispheric specialization, which suggest different degrees of involvement of the left and right hemispheres for linguistic and affective aspects of speech (e.g., Blumstein & Cooper, 1972;Heilman, Bowers, Speedie, & Coslett, 1984;Ley & Bryden, 1982;Shipley-Brown, Dingwall, Berlin, Yeni-Komshian, & Gordon-Salant, 1988;Tucker, Watson, & Heilman, 1977;Weintraub, Mesulam, & Kramer, 1981;Zurif, 1974). However, little research has directly addressed the issue of how linguistic and affective aspects of speech are encoded during speech production.…”