Hemispheric Correlates of the Rod-and-Frame Test

Berlin, Donna F.; Languis, Marlin L.

doi:10.2466/pms.1981.52.1.35

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…These results fit in well with the findings of Brugger and Baumann (1994), which demonstrate that believers in paranormal phenomena cannot generate random numbers as well as skeptics. Apart from these considerations, the already mentioned hemispheric asymmetry which was found for field dependents (Berlin & Languis, 1981) and believers in psi (Brugger et al, 1993) could also contribute to the current findings.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

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Field dependence, suggestibility and belief in paranormal phenomena

Hergovich

2003

Personality and Individual Differences

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This paper examines the relationships between field dependence, suggestibility and belief in paranormal phenomena. In Experiment 1, 91 subjects underwent an hypnosis session to determine their suggestibility. They also completed a paranormal belief scale and a computer test of field dependence. It was shown that suggestibility and field dependence had positive and significant correlations with the belief in paranormal phenomena. In a second experiment (n=39), the interrogative suggestibility of the subjects was assessed. Field dependence/independence was measured using the Embedded Figures Test (EFT) (Witkin, Oltman, Raskin, & Karp, 1971) and the degree of paranormal belief using the paranormal belief scale of Tobacyk and Milford (1983). The results confirmed the hypothesis that more field-dependent and suggestible subjects have a greater belief in paranormal phenomena than field-independent and non-suggestible subjects, although the relationship only held for the subscale ''Superstition''. The findings with respect to field dependence as measured with the EFT were replicated in a third study (n=150). Field dependence had a main effect on the amount of belief in ''Superstition'' across three different instructions. An effect of the different instructions suggesting that paranormal phenomena are scientifically proven (unproven) or an interaction between instructions and cognitive style of the subjects could not be found. In summary, the findings indicate a sustantial relationship between suggestibility and field dependence with belief in paranormal phenomena which could be explained by different coping mechanisms with regard to uncertainty in the external world. #

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

“…Because it has been suggested that field dependence is also associated with hemispheric asymmetry (Berlin & Languis, 1981;Pizzamiglio & Carli, 1974;Waber, 1977;Witkin et al, 1971), this is cited as a further argument that there exists an association between field dependence and belief in paranormal phenomena.…”

Section: Field Dependencementioning

confidence: 99%

Field dependence, suggestibility and belief in paranormal phenomena

Hergovich

2003

Personality and Individual Differences

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“…And indeed, a comparison of the mean errors reported in studies of older adults on 2D tests (Gruenfeld & MacEachron, 1975;Robert & Tanguay, 1990) with the VERF suggests that the mean degrees of error in this study (12.55 ) represents an increase relative to 2D RFTs. Gruenfeld These findings extend previous research on the relationship between 2D RFTs and tests of spatial ability (e.g., Berlin & Languis, 1981;Dor-Shav, 1984;Fowler & Fowler, 1984;Shore & Carey, 1984;Tramer & Schludermann, 1974) to a 3D RFT. Interestingly, there was little difference in the magnitude of the correlations of AD with various measures of spatial ability.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…However, the RFT has also been considered to be a test of spatial ability in which participants must perceive spatial relationships relative to their own bodies, ignoring distracting stimuli (Linn & Petersen, 1985; VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT ROD AND FRAME TEST 1171 Voyer et al, 1995). As 2D RFTs have consistently demonstrated relationships with other tests of spatial ability (e.g., Berlin & Languis, 1981;Dor-Shav, 1984;Fowler & Fowler, 1984;Shore & Carey, 1984;Tramer & Schludermann, 1974), a valid 3D RFT would be expected to do likewise.…”

mentioning

confidence: 93%

A 3D Virtual Environment Rod and Frame Test: The Reliability and Validity of Four Traditional Scoring Methods for Older Adults

Reger¹,

McGee²,

Zaag³

et al. 2003

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

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This study introduced a 3D rod-and-frame test in a virtual environment (VERF) and evaluated its reliability and concurrent validity according to four scoring methods previously used with 2D tests. Thirty nonimpaired older adults (15 men; 15 women) aged 64-86 (M=73.6) manipulated a rod in a semi-immersive 3D virtual environment. Results suggested that the conventional 2D scoring method of absolute deviation from vertical was the most reliable method (alpha=.79; gamma=.89). This approach also had higher correlations with traditional neuropsychological measures of spatial ability than three other methods. Given the availability of a reliable and valid scoring method, the VERF may result in previously unavailable insights through the measurement of visuospatial abilities in 3D.

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“…They are also more accurate on measures of spatial ability such as mental rotation (Johnson and Meade 1987;Kerns and Berenbaum 1991;Masters and Sanders 1993) and spatial visualization (Kerns and Berenbaum 1991). Finally, males score higher on the Embedded Figures Test (EFT) (Berlin and Languis 1981;Nebot 1988;Witkin et al 1962), which measures attention to detail and field independenceconsidered to be prerequisites for systemizing (BaronCohen 2002).…”

Section: Sex Differences In Empathizing and Systemizingmentioning

confidence: 97%

The Children’s Empathy Quotient and Systemizing Quotient: Sex Differences in Typical Development and in Autism Spectrum Conditions

Auyeung

Wheelwright

Allison

et al. 2009

J Autism Dev Disord

273

227

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Children's versions of the Empathy Quotient (EQ-C) and Systemizing Quotient (SQ-C) were developed and administered to n = 1,256 parents of typically developing children, aged 4-11 years. Both measures showed good test-retest reliability and high internal consistency. As predicted, girls scored significantly higher on the EQ-C, and boys scored significantly higher on the SQ-C. A further sample of n = 265 children with Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC) scored significantly lower on the EQ-C, and significantly higher on the SQ-C, compared to typical boys. Empathy and systemizing in children show similar patterns of sex differences to those observed in adults. Children with ASC tend towards a 'hyper-masculinized' profile, irrespective of sex.

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Hemispheric Correlates of the Rod-and-Frame Test

Cited by 7 publications

References 24 publications

Field dependence, suggestibility and belief in paranormal phenomena

Field dependence, suggestibility and belief in paranormal phenomena

A 3D Virtual Environment Rod and Frame Test: The Reliability and Validity of Four Traditional Scoring Methods for Older Adults

The Children’s Empathy Quotient and Systemizing Quotient: Sex Differences in Typical Development and in Autism Spectrum Conditions

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