“…In general, brain weights of rodents reared under deprived conditions are lower than brain weights of those reared under enriched conditions (Henderson, 1976;Iso et al, 2007;Rosenzweig & Bennett, 1969). Deprived-rearing conditions led to severe impairments in the prefrontal cortex of gerbils Brummelte, Neddens, & Teuchert-Noodt, 2007;Neddens, Brandenburg, Teuchert-Noodt, & Dawirs, 2001;Winterfeld, Teuchert-Noodt, & Dawirs, 1998;Witte, Brummelte, & Teuchert-Noodt, 2007) and rats (Bloomfield et al, 2008;Leng, Feldon, & Ferger, 2004;Melendez, Gregory, Bardo, & Kalivas, 2004;Pascual, Zamora-Leon, CatalanAhumeda, & Valero-Cabre, 2007) as well as in regions involved in emotional and motivational processes, including exploration (Bowling, Rowlett, & Bardo, 1993;Busche, Bagorda, Lehmann, Neddens, & TeuchertNoodt, 2006;Busche, Neddens, Dinter, Dawirs, & Teuchert-Noodt, 2002;Busche, Polaschek, Lesting, Neddens, & Teuchert-Noodt, 2004;Heidbreder et al, 2000;Lehmann, Lesting, Polaschek, & Teuchert-Noodt, 2003;Lesting, Neddens, Busche, & Teuchert-Noodt, 2005). It further led to decreased neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of C57 BL/6 mice (Iso et al, 2007), decreased cell survival in the dentate gyrus of rats (Nilsson, Perfilieva, Johannson, Orwar, & Eriksson, 1999), decreased levels of neurotrophin protein (Zhu et al, 2006), decreased levels of pregnenolone and progesterone in the rat hippocampus (Serra et al, 2000), and decelerated development of the visual system upon delayed eye opening in mice (Cancedda et al, 2004).…”