Hematopoietic neoplasia inMya arenaria: Prevalence and indices of physiological condition

Leavitt, Dale F.; Capuzzo, Judith M.; Smolowitz, Roxanna; Miosky, Donna L.; Lancaster, Bruce A.; Reinisch, Carol L.

doi:10.1007/bf01344301

Cited by 43 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…Determining the temperature range of the RT activity using the PERT assay could lead to a better understanding of the seasonal nature of the disease that has been reported by several authors (Cooper et al 1982, Appeldoorn et aI. 1984, Farley et al 1986, Brousseau 1987, Leavitt et al 1990). addition all.^, testing mussels and cockles with DN for RT activity using the methods described here would determine if the same patterns of enzyme activity existed, and potentially, if similar mechanisms are responsible for this condition in different species of bivalves.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Soft shell clams Mya arenaria with disseminated neoplasia demonstrate reverse transcriptase activity

House

Kim²,

Reno³

1998

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Disseminated neoplasia (DN), a proliferative cell disorder of the circulatory system of bivalves, was first reported in oysters in 1969. Since that time, the disease has been determined to be transmissible through water-borne exposure, but the etiological agent has not been unequivocally identified. In order to determine if a viral agent, possibly a retrovirus, could be the causative agent of DN, transmission experiments were performed, using both a cell-free filtrate and a sucrose gradientpurified preparation of a cell-free filtrate of DN positive materials. Additionally, a PCR-enhanced reverse transcriptase assay was used to determine if reverse transcriptase was present in tissues or hemolyrnph from DN positive soft shell clams Mya arenana. DN was transmitted to healthy clams by injection with whole DN cells, but not with cell-free filtrates prepared from either tissues from DN positive clams, or DN cells. The cell-free preparations from DN-positive tissues and hemolymph having high levels of DN cells in circulation exhibited positive reactions in the PCR-enhanced reverse transcriptase assay. Cell-free preparations of hemolymph from clams having low levels of DN (<0.1% of cells abnormal), hemocytes from normal soft shell clams, and normal soft shell clam tissues did not produce a positive reaction in the PCR enhanced reverse transcriptase assay.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Soft shell clams Mya arenaria with disseminated neoplasia demonstrate reverse transcriptase activity

House

Kim²,

Reno³

1998

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…Decreases in feeding rates could be attributed to non-specific narcosis associated with the accumulation of low molecular weight hydrocarbons (Donkin et al 1990), whereas the increases in energy expenditures through increased metabolic rates could be related to the accumulation of TBT through effects on oxidative phosphorylation (Widdows et al 1990). Bivalves collected along the same gradient showed changes in biochemical composition, especially in the ratio of neutral to polar lipids and carbohydrate content (Leavitt et al 1990a).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both Reinisch et al (1984) and Leavitt et al (1990b) reported a high prevalence of hematopoietic neoplasia in M. arenaria populations from a site in New Bedford Harbor in comparison with uncontaminated sites in Buzzards Bay. Leavitt et al (1990b) observed an overall prevalence of 39.3%. Unlike populations of Mytilus, there were no differences in gonadal development, condition indices, or lipid content between clam populations from New Bedford Harbor and a reference site (Little Buttermilk Bay, Massachusetts), except with the most advanced stage of hematopoietic neoplasia.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…These include DNA strand breakage in gill tissues (Nacci et al 1992) and alterations in gill function (Nelson and GutjahrGobell 1990) in mussels, and high levels of hematopoietic neoplasia in M. arenaria (Leavitt et al 1990b). Both Reinisch et al (1984) and Leavitt et al (1990b) reported a high prevalence of hematopoietic neoplasia in M. arenaria populations from a site in New Bedford Harbor in comparison with uncontaminated sites in Buzzards Bay. Leavitt et al (1990b) observed an overall prevalence of 39.3%.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unlike populations of Mytilus, there were no differences in gonadal development, condition indices, or lipid content between clam populations from New Bedford Harbor and a reference site (Little Buttermilk Bay, Massachusetts), except with the most advanced stage of hematopoietic neoplasia. Clams with advanced stages of the disease showed a reduction in physiological condition (Leavitt et al 1990b) and fecundity (Potts 1993). The degree to which contaminant exposure influences the prevalence of hematopoietic neoplasia in clam populations is not fully understood but may be a function of increased susceptibility to the disease when animals are in poor physiological condition or are already energetically compromised.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Variability in responses to nutrients and trace elements, and transmission of stressor effects through an estuarine food web

McDowell

Lancaster

Leavitt

et al. 1999

Limnology & Oceanography

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Marine bivalve molluscs such as the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and the soft shell clam (Mya arenaria) have been used as sentinel organisms of contaminant bioavailability and the biological consequences of contaminant exposure. Biological responses that may contribute to the impairment of reproductive and developmental processes include responses that can be categorized as interfering with bioenergetic processes such as feeding and nutrient allocation; biosynthetic processes, such as the synthesis of energy stores; and morphogenic processes, such as those involved in structural development. Case studies within New Bedford and Boston Harbors (Massachusetts) are used to examine the relationship between contaminant uptake and effects on the reproductive cycle and bioenergetics of mussels and soft shell clams. The results observed illustrate that disruption in bioenergetics in bivalve molluscs exposed to chemical contaminants can result in loss of reproductive output and increased susceptibility to disease. Differences in the extent of reproductive impairment may be linked specifically to energetic strategies of individual species.Natural and managed ecosystems are exposed continually to natural and anthropogenic perturbations. Physical destruction of habitats, input of toxic chemicals, and nutrient enrichment leading to eutrophication are among the stressors that result in alterations in the sustainability of coastal ecosystems and a reduction in biodiversity and harvestable yields. Ecological consequences of such stressors in coastal marine ecosystems include changes in parasitic infections (Lafferty and Kuris 1999; Lenihan et al. 1999), species distributions and abundance, degradation of habitats, and changes in energy flow and biogeochemical cycles. Inputs of toxic chemical contaminants can lead to impairment of feeding, growth, development, and recruitment of fish and shellfish populations that may result in alterations in reproductive and developmental success and changes in population structure and dynamics (Capuzzo 1987). Although contaminant exposure is often viewed as a single stressor, it is only one of many stressors that all populations of marine animals experience during their life cycles. The interactive effects of contaminant exposure and natural stressors, however, are not well understood, making it difficult to establish the relationship between responses of organisms to contaminated habitats and large-scale alterations in the functioning of marine ecosystems as well as large-scale contamination of fish and shellfish resources.Although general trends in the distribution of lipophilic organic contaminants in coastal ecosystems have been defined (e.g., NOAA 1989defined (e.g., NOAA , 1991, critical information on the biological effects of contaminants, specifically on population processes, is lacking. Recent studies of the incidence of tu-

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Experimental Field Studies withMya arenaria(Bivalvia) on the Induction and Effect of Hematopoietic Neoplasia

Weinberg

Leavitt

Lancaster

et al. 1997

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology

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Hematopoietic neoplasia inMya arenaria: Prevalence and indices of physiological condition

Abstract: A field survey of hematopoietic neoplasia (Hn) in the soft shell clam Mya arenaria (L.) was undertaken using an immunoperoxidase diagnostic technique.

Cited by 43 publications

References 26 publications

Soft shell clams Mya arenaria with disseminated neoplasia demonstrate reverse transcriptase activity

Soft shell clams Mya arenaria with disseminated neoplasia demonstrate reverse transcriptase activity

Variability in responses to nutrients and trace elements, and transmission of stressor effects through an estuarine food web

Experimental Field Studies withMya arenaria(Bivalvia) on the Induction and Effect of Hematopoietic Neoplasia

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