Hematology of Marine Mammals

Stacy, Nicole I.; Nollens, Hendrik H.

doi:10.1002/9781119500537.ch122

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…This shape is due to an increased surface-to-volume ratio, allowing these cells to maintain deformability similar to normal cells and resist osmotic lysis [47]. In higher vertebrates, such as dogs and cats, codocytes are a normal feature in anemia and iron deficiency anemias due to excess membrane in young erythrocytes [160,162]. In fish, target cells have been linked to heavy metal toxicity and environmental pollution, where an imbalance in intracellular volume results in a disproportionately smaller cell, leading to redundant membrane folding and the formation of a central core surrounded by a red peripheral ring and a pale halo [93].…”

Section: Codocytementioning

confidence: 99%

Visualization of poikilocytosis as an emerging erythrocytic biomarker for fish health assessment

Bardhan,

Abraham,

Das

et al. 2024

Animal Research and One Health

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Fish health assessment is essential for maintaining sustainable aquatic ecosystems and ensuring the well‐being of wild and farmed fish populations. Hematological parameters are crucial indicators of fish health, with poikilocytosis emerging as a fundamental marker with significant diagnostic value. Poikilocytosis refers to abnormally shaped erythrocytes in bloodstream, reflecting underlying physiological and pathological conditions. Poikilocytosis can occur in various fish species and can be influenced by environmental stressors, infectious agents, nutritional deficiencies, and exposure to pollutants. Morphological alterations in erythrocytes, such as acanthocytes, echinocytes, dacrocytes, schistocytes, spherocytes, and codocytes are common poikilocytes in fish. Understanding the relationship between poikilocytosis and fish health has important implications for disease diagnosis, monitoring, surveillance, and management. By quantifying poikilocytic changes, researchers and veterinarians can differentiate normal variations from pathological conditions, facilitating targeted interventions and treatment strategies. While most studies have focused on heavy metal toxicity, stressors, nutritional deficiencies, pollutants, and therapeutics, the etiological induction of poikilocytosis in fish health has been overlooked. Nonetheless, poikilocytosis remains a valuable biomarker for assessing fish health and their environment. This review highlights piscine poikilocytosis as a significant fish hematological biomarker and its importance in understanding their health and culture conditions.

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Section: Codocytementioning

confidence: 99%

Visualization of poikilocytosis as an emerging erythrocytic biomarker for fish health assessment

Bardhan,

Abraham,

Das

et al. 2024

Animal Research and One Health

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show abstract

“…Both neutrophils and eosinophils in I. geoffrensis were 26 and 60% bigger than in O. brevirostris, respectively (Techangamsuwan et al 2010). When an inflammatory process occurs, neutrophilia and eosinophilia are present, generally related to bacterial or parasitic diseases, so their numbers increase in peripheral blood (Stacy & Nollens 2022). Variation in the size of these cells is not specifically reported in any dolphin or terrestrial mammal species except when toxicity is implied (Satyaningtijas et al 2020, Stacy & Nollens 2022.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…A hematological analysis is an important tool for monitoring the health and disease of wildlife populations (Mello & da Silva 2019). Hematological parameters like red and white cell counts (RBC and WBC, respectively) are particularly important in helping diagnose any infectious condition or inflammation that might affect wild animals (Stacy & Nollens 2022). Furthermore, RBC and WBC's morphological characteristics can help clinicians identify cell lineages better and give a more accurate hemogram interpretation because these features could differ between species and populations (Schwacke et al 2009, Stacy & Nollens 2022.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hematological parameters like red and white cell counts (RBC and WBC, respectively) are particularly important in helping diagnose any infectious condition or inflammation that might affect wild animals (Stacy & Nollens 2022). Furthermore, RBC and WBC's morphological characteristics can help clinicians identify cell lineages better and give a more accurate hemogram interpretation because these features could differ between species and populations (Schwacke et al 2009, Stacy & Nollens 2022. Studies addressing blood values in I. geoffrensis are scarce (Best & da Silva 1993, Mello & da Silva 2019.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Blood was drawn from the caudal vascular bundle in the peduncle (Stacy & Nollens 2022) with a 10 cc syringe with an 18G/21G needle and placed in EDTA and serum chemistries tubes. The samples were stored on ice at 4°C.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphological characterization of blood cells in Amazon River dolphin Inia geoffrensis: a case study

Suarez-Yana,

Colchao-Claux,

Mangel

et al. 2023

Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res.

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Inia geoffrensis is an endangered species of the Amazon River basin, but there has been limited research regarding its health, particularly in describing normal cell morphology by traditional techniques. This study aimed to identify the peripheral blood cells of I. geoffrensis through microscopic evaluation. Blood smears were collected from wild adults and stained with Wright's stain. We differentiated leukocyte cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes) and platelets. Additionally, we observed signs of inflammatory reactions in cell morphology by incrementing cell size and active cytoplasm in neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and platelets. These findings provide important considerations for hemogram interpretation in future research and individual clinical cases in Amazon River dolphins. Also, our study delivers baseline information for future characterization and understanding of hemogram and leukogram changes in response to disease and health assessment for dolphin species.

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Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in a bottlenose dolphin: case report and literature review

Carmezim,

Rojo-Solis,

Valls

et al. 2024

J VET Diagn Invest

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A 15-y-old captive-born female bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus) had slowly progressive lethargy, inappetence, and pallor of the oral mucosa. Serial hemograms and serum biochemistry analysis revealed hemolyzed plasma, gradually severe anemia with reticulocytosis, spherocytosis, pronounced neutrophilia with left shift and toxic change, and indirect hyperbilirubinemia. Urinalysis identified both hemoglobinuria and bilirubinuria. Hyperglobulinemia with polyclonal gammopathy was evident by protein electrophoresis, and the saline agglutination test was positive. Splenomegaly and hyperechogenic liver were also observed on ultrasound. These findings meet the diagnostic criteria established for immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) in small animals, which is extremely rare in cetacean species, and, to our knowledge, has not been fully documented. Several potential triggers of a secondary IMHA were ruled out, including the most common cetacean virus, exposure to new drugs, and recent vaccination events. Following recommendations from companion animal medicine, immunosuppressive therapy was implemented and proved effective in this bottlenose dolphin; the CBC returned to normal after 3 mo of treatment.

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Hematology of Marine Mammals

Cited by 4 publications

References 24 publications

Visualization of poikilocytosis as an emerging erythrocytic biomarker for fish health assessment

Visualization of poikilocytosis as an emerging erythrocytic biomarker for fish health assessment

Morphological characterization of blood cells in Amazon River dolphin Inia geoffrensis: a case study

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in a bottlenose dolphin: case report and literature review

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