Hematology and Plasma Biochemistry Reference Intervals for Free-Living Adult Chimango Caracara (Milvago Chimango) During the Nonbreeding Season

Paterlini, Carla Ángela; Bo, Marco; Saggese, Miguel D.; Biondi, L.

doi:10.1638/2021-0147

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 31 publications

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“…In cases of chronic lead exposure, AST and CPK activities and uric acid concentration may be elevated (Puschner and Poppenga 2009); however, we did not observe any association between lead levels and these biochemical parameters in our study, probably because lead levels were moderate. The higher CPK values found in wild animals are probably due to physical restraint and handling stress (Heatley and Russell 2020, Chaprazov et al 2023, Paterlini et al 2023. During capture and handling of wild birds, it is easy to find occasional increases in AST and CPK due to muscle damage (Doussang andPalma 2018, Heatley andRussell 2020), so the value obtained could be affected by factors other than lead levels.…”

Section: Physiological and Clinical Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between blood lead levels and clinical and physiological factors in Bonelli's eagle

Villén‐Molina,

Rodríguez,

López

et al. 2023

J Wildl Manag

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Lead is a toxic metal that produces effects on the overall health of animals, resulting in mortality at high exposures, adverse physiological and behavioral effects at lower concentrations, and population declines in many species. Scavengers and predators are more susceptible to lead toxicity because of behavioral and physiologic factors, and long lifespans increase the risk of exposure cumulatively. Bonelli's eagle (Aquila fasciata) is a long‐living predator that may have reduced breeding success because of lead exposure. We analyzed the blood lead levels of 54 wild and captive Bonelli's eagles admitted to a recovery center in Spain from May 2014 to July 2015 and the lead relationship among physiological, clinical, and environmental variables. We detected blood lead using anodic stripping voltammetry. Lead levels were below the limit of quantification (3.3 μg/dL) in 100% of captive animals (n = 22); in contrast, 21.9% of wild birds (n = 32) had higher lead levels than captive birds (P = 0.020). Among wild animals, the 2 adults tested had detectable lead, the only eagle sampled in autumn had the highest lead levels of the study (14.7 μg/dL), and 16.7% of nestlings had detectable lead levels. There is no evidence that the lead levels differ between sexes. There were no symptoms associated with lead intoxication or any correlation between lead levels and hematological or biochemical values; however, subclinical lead exposure at early ages can be harmful and could influence neurological and body development. Researchers should determine if lead could be causing damage to wildlife from early ages to determine if lead exposure affects the conservation of the threatened population of Bonelli's eagles in Spain and elsewhere.

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Section: Physiological and Clinical Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between blood lead levels and clinical and physiological factors in Bonelli's eagle

Villén‐Molina,

Rodríguez,

López

et al. 2023

J Wildl Manag

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Prevalence of Pathogens in Free-Living Adult Chimango Caracaras (Milvago chimango) in Three Areas with Different Levels of Urbanization in the Pampas Ecoregion, Argentina

Paterlini,

Bó,

Saggese

et al. 2024

Journal of Raptor Research

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Urbanization can adversely impact animal populations through factors such as loss of natural habitat, introduction of nonnative competitors and predators, pollution, and increased exposure to pathogens. Because they are top predators, raptors are considered good indicators of ecosystem health. However, there is limited information about how environmental factors associated with urbanization can alter raptors’ susceptibility to pathogens. We evaluated exposure to selected pathogens of the Chimango Caracara (Milvago chimango), a generalist and opportunistic species endemic to South America. This species is distributed over a wide range of environments, including urban areas, and often takes advantage of human-generated resources such as domestic waste, urban garbage, and carrion, potentially increasing its exposure to pathogens. We captured adult Chimango Caracaras in three areas that varied in level of urbanization, in the southeastern region of the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Captured individuals were tested for exposure to Bacillus anthracis, Salmonella spp., and Trichomonas spp. All individuals tested were negative for these pathogens. Whether this represents a true lack of exposure to these microorganisms, the ability of this raptor to effectively inhibit the colonization of the gastrointestinal tract by these microorganisms, or an inability of the pathogen to colonize the Chimango Caracara’s gastrointestinal tract remains to be determined. This is the first study to assess the prevalence of selected pathogens in Chimango Caracaras inhabiting areas with different levels of urbanization.

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Hematology and Plasma Biochemistry Reference Intervals for Free-Living Adult Chimango Caracara (Milvago Chimango) During the Nonbreeding Season

Cited by 2 publications

References 31 publications

Relationship between blood lead levels and clinical and physiological factors in Bonelli's eagle

Relationship between blood lead levels and clinical and physiological factors in Bonelli's eagle

Prevalence of Pathogens in Free-Living Adult Chimango Caracaras (Milvago chimango) in Three Areas with Different Levels of Urbanization in the Pampas Ecoregion, Argentina

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