Hematological alterations associated with long COVID-19

Lechuga, Guilherme Curty; De-Simone, Salvatore Giovanni; Morel, Carlos

doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1203472

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 99 publications

(149 reference statements)

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“…It is worth noting that previous studies have reported contradictory findings regarding ferritin, which could be attributed to the timing of marker evaluations in relation to the acute phase of the disease. Nevertheless, understanding this issue highlights the need for further studies [ 32 , 52 – 54 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The demographic, laboratory and genetic factors associated with long Covid-19 syndrome: a case–control study

Torki,

Hoseininasab,

Moradi

et al. 2024

Clin Exp Med

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Long Covid-19 syndrome (LCS) manifests with a wide range of clinical symptoms, yet the factors associated with LCS remain poorly understood. The current study aimed to investigate the relationships that demographic characteristics, clinical history, laboratory indicators, and the frequency of HLA-I alleles have with the likelihood of developing LCS. We extracted the demographic characteristics and clinical histories from the medical records of 88 LCS cases (LCS+ group) and 96 individuals without LCS (LCS− group). Furthermore, we evaluated the clinical symptoms, serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, laboratory parameters, and the frequencies of HLA-I alleles. Following this we used multiple logistic regression to investigate the association these variables had with LCS. Subjects in the LCS+ group were more likely to have experienced severe Covid-19 symptoms and had higher body mass index (BMI), white blood cell, lymphocyte counts, C-reactive protein (CRP), and IL-6 levels than those in the LCS− group (for all: P < 0.05). Moreover, the frequencies of the HLA-A*11, -B*14, -B*38, -B*50, and -C*07 alleles were higher in the LCS+ group (for all: P < 0.05). After adjusting for the most important variables, the likelihood of suffering from LCS was significantly associated with BMI, CRP, IL-6, the HLA-A*11, and -C*07 alleles, as well as a positive history of severe Covid-19 (for all: P < 0.05). Our study showed that a history of severe Covid-19 during the acute phase of the disease, the HLA-A*11, and -C*07 alleles, higher BMI, as well as elevated serum CRP and IL-6 levels, were all associated with an increased likelihood of LCS.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The demographic, laboratory and genetic factors associated with long Covid-19 syndrome: a case–control study

Torki,

Hoseininasab,

Moradi

et al. 2024

Clin Exp Med

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show abstract

“…It is worth noting that previous studies have reported contradictory ndings regarding ferritin, which could be attributed to the timing of marker evaluations in relation to the acute phase of the disease. Nevertheless, understanding this issue highlights the need for further studies [27,[47][48][49].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The demographic, laboratory and genetic factors associated with Long Covid-19 Syndrome: a case-control study

Torki,

Hoseininasab,

Moradi

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Objective Long Covid-19 syndrome (LCS) manifests with a wide range of clinical symptoms, yet the factors associated with LCS remain poorly understood. The current study aimed to investigate the relationships that demographic characteristics, clinical history, laboratory indicators, and the frequency of HLA-I alleles have with the likelihood of developing LCS. Methods We extracted the demographic characteristics and clinical histories from the medical records of 88 LCS cases (LCS+ group) and 96 age/sex-matched individuals without LCS (LCS− group). Furthermore, we evaluated the clinical symptoms, serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, laboratory parameters, and the frequencies of HLA-I alleles. Following this we used multiple logistic regression to investigate the association these variables had with LCS. Results Subjects in the LCS+ group were more likely to have experienced severe Covid-19 symptoms and had higher body mass index (BMI), white blood cell, lymphocyte counts, C-reactive protein (CRP), and IL-6 levels than those in the LCS− group (for all: P˂0.05). Moreover, the frequencies of the HLA-A*11, -B*14, -B*38, -B*50, and -C*07 alleles were higher in the LCS+ group (for all: P˂0.05). After adjusting for the most important variables, the likelihood of suffering from LCS was significantly associated with BMI, CRP, IL-6, the HLA-A*11, and -C*07 alleles, as well as a positive history of severe Covid-19 (for all: P˂0.05). Conclusion Our study showed that a history of severe Covid-19 during the acute phase of the disease, the HLA-A*11, and -C*07 alleles, higher BMI, as well as elevated serum CRP and IL-6 levels, were all associated with an increased likelihood of LCS.

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“…COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is primarily a respiratory disease but can also affect other organ systems, such as the hematological compartment. Several studies reported an increase in white blood cell count, a decrease in red blood cell (RBCs) count and hemoglobin level, an increase in ferritin and D-dimer levels and other clotting markers 1 2 3 4 . Symptoms of COVID-19 vary from mild to severe and may include fever, cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, diffuse body pain, loss of taste or smell, and sore throat 2 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies reported an increase in white blood cell count, a decrease in red blood cell (RBCs) count and hemoglobin level, an increase in ferritin and D-dimer levels and other clotting markers 1 2 3 4 . Symptoms of COVID-19 vary from mild to severe and may include fever, cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, diffuse body pain, loss of taste or smell, and sore throat 2 3 . In approximately 6–35% of all COVID-19 patients, these symptoms can persist for months after the initial infection with SARS-CoV-2 5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In approximately 6–35% of all COVID-19 patients, these symptoms can persist for months after the initial infection with SARS-CoV-2 5 . This symptomatic persistence has been termed Long-COVID or Post-COVID and can occur even in individuals who have had mild or asymptomatic infections 3 . Symptomatic constellations comprise chronic fatigue, shortness of breath, chest pain, and cognitive dysfunction (“brain fog”) 6 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long-COVID is Associated with Impaired Red Blood Cell Function

Kronstein-Wiedemann,

Tausche,

Kolditz

et al. 2023

Horm Metab Res

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COVID-19 disease, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), induces a broad spectrum of clinical symptoms ranging from asymptomatic cases to fatal outcomes. About 10–35% of all COVID-19 patients, even those with mild COVID-19 symptoms, continue to show symptoms, i. e., fatigue, shortness of breath, cough, and cognitive dysfunction, after initial recovery. Previously, we and others identified red blood cell precursors as a direct target of SARS-CoV-2 and suggested that SARS-CoV-2 induces dysregulation in hemoglobin- and iron-metabolism contributing to the severe systemic course of COVID-19. Here, we put particular emphasis on differences in parameters of clinical blood gas analysis and hematological parameters of more than 20 healthy and Long-COVID patients, respectively. Long-COVID patients showed impaired oxygen binding to hemoglobin with concomitant increase in carbon monoxide binding. Hand in hand with decreased plasma iron concentration and transferrin saturation, mean corpuscular hemoglobin was elevated in Long-COVID patients compared to healthy donors suggesting a potential compensatory mechanism. Although blood pH was within the physiological range in both groups, base excess- and bicarbonate values were significantly lower in Long-COVID patients. Furthermore, Long-COVID patients displayed reduced lymphocyte levels. The clinical relevance of these findings, e. g., as a cause of chronic immunodeficiency, remains to be investigated in future studies. In conclusion, our data suggest impaired erythrocyte functionality in Long-COVID patients, leading to diminished oxygen supply. This in turn could be an explanation for the CFS, dyspnea and anemia. Further investigations are necessary to identify the underlying pathomechanisms.

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Hematological alterations associated with long COVID-19

Cited by 15 publications

References 99 publications

The demographic, laboratory and genetic factors associated with long Covid-19 syndrome: a case–control study

The demographic, laboratory and genetic factors associated with long Covid-19 syndrome: a case–control study

The demographic, laboratory and genetic factors associated with Long Covid-19 Syndrome: a case-control study

Long-COVID is Associated with Impaired Red Blood Cell Function

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