Hematologic reference intervals of Danish sows at mid-gestation

Bhattarai, Sheeva; Framstad, Tore; Nielsen, Jens Peter

doi:10.1186/s13028-019-0451-7

Cited by 17 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Previously, we have established that the reference interval of HbC for mid-gestation Danish sows lies between 103 and 145 g/L [7]. We observed an average HbC of 106.9 g/L in the current study which is at the lower side of the established reference interval.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 59%

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Association between sow and piglet blood hemoglobin concentrations and stillbirth risk

2019

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Previous studies have indicated that high piglet blood hemoglobin concentration (HbC) at birth lead to better performance later in life. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the association between sow and piglet blood HbC at farrowing. A secondary objective was to investigate the relationship between sow HbC and probability of stillbirths. Farrowings were observed in 22 sows in a Danish commercial herd. Maternal blood HbC was measured 1–3 days before farrowing using a HemoCue 201 + Hb device. Similarly, HbC was measured from 144 offspring piglets before colostrum intake. Total number of born piglets per litter and parity of the sow were recorded and stillborn piglets were identified using a lung flotation technique. The association between HbC in sows and piglets was determined using a linear mixed model. The relationship between sow HbC and probability of stillbirths was determined using a generalized linear model. The mean HbC of the sows and piglets were 106.9 ± 12.2 and 124.4 ± 19.9 g/L, respectively. A tendency towards a positive association between HbC of the piglets and HbC of the sow around farrowing was found (P = 0.058). Additionally, the probability of stillbirths was negatively associated with the sow HbC (P = 0.021). These results indicate that HbC in newborn piglets may be increased by increasing the sow HbC. Furthermore, stillbirth rates might be reduced by increasing the HbC of the sow.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 59%

“…The sows were divided into two categories based on their HbC, anemic (HbC < 103 g/L) and non-anemic (HbC ≥ 103 g/L). The cut off value for anemia was based on our recent study on reference intervals for sows [7].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between sow and piglet blood hemoglobin concentrations and stillbirth risk

2019

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“…The hematologic RIs obtained in this study are different from those previously reported in the literature, probably because those studies were developed in different experimental models of pigs and did not differentiate results according to the productive stage, BC or age [1,4,6,7,8,18]. Due to the evidence existence of factors like physiological state, weight can vary hematological values, we now propose new hematological RIs for sows, based on productive stage.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 66%

Determination of new hematologic reference intervals for sows with optimal reproductive performance, according to reproductive stage, parity and body condition: A cohort study

Baeza

Gädicke

Ruiz

2021

Preprint

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Background. Inappropriate feeding and reproductive management according to strategies in sow's reproductive efficiency produce important consequences on sow metabolism. The metabolic alterations can increase mortality and reduce fertility, productivity and lifespan of sows within a farm, decreasing herd output. In according to that, this research aimed to determine the effect of reproductive stage, parity and body condition on hematological parameters of intensive-production sows and also to establish new and representative hematological Reference Intervals for each stage of the reproductive cycle in Chilean sows of optimal reproductive performance. In order to that, a cohort study in 307 healthy sows from two farms was performed. Serial hemograms were obtained and sows were monitored at weaning, prior to artificial insemination, at 35, 60 and 90 days of gestation, and subsequent weaning. Results were analyzed by Repeated-Measures of Anova and Tukey Test to establish differences between times and by the Kruskall-Wallis Test, or Simple Anova Test, to determine differences within times caused by the body condition (BC) or sow age. Results: Significant differences were found in most factors during gestation (P=0,00). At each time frame considered, there was an effect of parity. The sow`s parity history, their BC and the farm`s infrastructure and environment were all relevant factors in each hematological parameter. Additionally, statistically significant differences in almost all the evaluated indicators were contrasted with reference IRs (P=0,00). Hematological indicators supported the interaction between BC and parity in some sows. ConclusionsThis study showed the need of not only specific reference intervals for high-production sows, but also highlights the relevance of considering the different stages of sows´s reproductive cycle. Consideration of sow’s physiological stage and parity, along with body condition appear to be highly relevant to get appropriate hematologic reference intervals.

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“…The sows in our study probably were not iron deficient enough to present microcytic erythrocytes and to respond to treatment. The average baseline HbC in FeT and FeC sows were within the reference limits for sows at mid-gestation [21]. A study in piglets has shown that animals with high HbC (> 100 g/L for a day old piglet) respond less to treatment [24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was further characterized as hypochromic (MCHC < 18.37 mmol/L), normochromic (MCHC ≥ 18.37 ≤ 20.31 mmol/L) and hyperchromic (MCHC > 20.31 mmol/L). These cut off values were chosen based on our recent study on reference intervals for Danish sows at mid-gestation [21]. A sow was considered to be suffering from iron deficiency anemia (IDA) when HbC, MCV and MCHC values were below the lower limits of all these reference intervals.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron treatment of pregnant sows in a Danish herd without iron deficiency anemia did not improve sow and piglet hematology or stillbirth rate

2019

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BackgroundAnemia characterized by low hemoglobin concentration (HbC) is common in indoor housed pregnant sows. Iron is essential for hemoglobin synthesis and a number of metabolic processes including DNA synthesis and regulation of enzyme systems. In sows, anemia has been linked to lower HbC in piglets and increased occurrence of stillbirths. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of iron injection on hematology of pregnant sows and their offspring. Other objectives were to evaluate the effect of this injection on the probability of stillbirths and to study the tolerability of injected iron.ResultsA sow herd with bi-weekly batch farrowing was selected for the study and 100 sows at mid-gestation were randomly assigned to either a treatment (FeT) or a control (FeC) group. At the time of recruitment to the study (baseline), 46% of the sows in the herd were anemic with a HbC less than 103 g/L. However, none of the anemic sows had iron deficiency anemia on erythrocyte characterization. HbC decreased numerically during gestation in both the FeT (− 2.48 g/L) and FeC (− 2.99 g/L) groups but the decrease was insignificant between the groups (P = 0.79). Likewise, the change from baseline to farrowing and from baseline to post-farrowing in other hematologic variables was similar for both groups. The percentage of transferrin saturation was not statistically different between groups (P = 0.14). There was a batch effect (week of breeding) in most of the hematologic variables. The probability of stillbirth in the two groups did not differ (P = 0.94). None of the hematologic variables in piglets was significantly different between the two groups. The sows tolerated the iron injection well.ConclusionsIntramuscular injection of two doses of 2500 mg iron 2 weeks apart at mid-gestation did neither change hematologic variables in sows nor in the piglets at farrowing. Similarly, iron treatment did not reduce the probability of stillbirths among the offspring. The sows recruited in this study tolerated the iron injections well. Further characterization of erythrocytes did not support that sows had iron deficiency anemia at baseline. Therefore, further studies on animals with well-defined anemia and with focus on the iron regulating hormone hepcidin are recommended.

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Hematologic reference intervals of Danish sows at mid-gestation

Cited by 17 publications

References 9 publications

Association between sow and piglet blood hemoglobin concentrations and stillbirth risk

Association between sow and piglet blood hemoglobin concentrations and stillbirth risk

Determination of new hematologic reference intervals for sows with optimal reproductive performance, according to reproductive stage, parity and body condition: A cohort study

Iron treatment of pregnant sows in a Danish herd without iron deficiency anemia did not improve sow and piglet hematology or stillbirth rate

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