Hemagglutinin Stability and Its Impact on Influenza A Virus Infectivity, Pathogenicity, and Transmissibility in Avians, Mice, Swine, Seals, Ferrets, and Humans

Russell, Charles J.

doi:10.3390/v13050746

Cited by 47 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 239 publications

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“…The HA protein has been associated with the binding to the host acid sialic receptor, causing membrane fusion within the endosome, allowing virus cell entry [ 83 ]. This protein is an important target to generate neutralizing antibodies during IV infection [ 84 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and Characterization of Swine Influenza Virus H1N1 Variants Generated in Vaccinated and Nonvaccinated, Challenged Pigs

López-Valiñas

Sisteré-Oró

López-Serrano

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Influenza viruses represent a continuous threat to both animal and human health. The 2009 H1N1 A influenza pandemic highlighted the importance of a swine host in the adaptation of influenza viruses to humans. Nowadays, one of the most extended strategies used to control swine influenza viruses (SIVs) is the trivalent vaccine application, whose formulation contains the most frequently circulating SIV subtypes H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2. These vaccines do not provide full protection against the virus, allowing its replication, evolution, and adaptation. To better understand the main mechanisms that shape viral evolution, here, the SIV intra-host diversity was analyzed in samples collected from both vaccinated and nonvaccinated animals challenged with the H1N1 influenza A virus. Twenty-eight whole SIV genomes were obtained by next-generation sequencing, and differences in nucleotide variants between groups were established. Substitutions were allocated along all influenza genetic segments, while the most relevant nonsynonymous substitutions were allocated in the NS1 protein on samples collected from vaccinated animals, suggesting that SIV is continuously evolving despite vaccine application. Moreover, new viral variants were found in both vaccinated and nonvaccinated pigs, showing relevant substitutions in the HA, NA, and NP proteins, which may increase viral fitness under field conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and Characterization of Swine Influenza Virus H1N1 Variants Generated in Vaccinated and Nonvaccinated, Challenged Pigs

López-Valiñas

Sisteré-Oró

López-Serrano

et al. 2021

Viruses

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“…The terminal sialic acid linkage is not the only factor that affects the binding of IAV HA to the host cell; other features such as the sialic acid structure (e.g., N-acetylneuraminic acid versus N-glycolylneuraminic acid) or length may also play a role (reviewed in [55]). In addition to specific molecular markers, the pH of fusion may also be an important feature for the mammalian transmission of H9N2 IAVs, since most H9N2 isolates show a low pH of fusion similar to early pdmH1N1 [78,79]. The viral polymerase subunits PB1, PB2, and PA can also contribute to the adaptation of IAV of avian origin to mammalian hosts.…”

Section: Molecular Mechanisms Associated With Interspecies Transmission Of Iavsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne Transmission of Avian Origin H9N2 Influenza A Viruses in Mammals

Cáceres

Rajão

Pérez

2021

Viruses

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Influenza A viruses (IAV) are widespread viruses affecting avian and mammalian species worldwide. IAVs from avian species can be transmitted to mammals including humans and, thus, they are of inherent pandemic concern. Most of the efforts to understand the pathogenicity and transmission of avian origin IAVs have been focused on H5 and H7 subtypes due to their highly pathogenic phenotype in poultry. However, IAV of the H9 subtype, which circulate endemically in poultry flocks in some regions of the world, have also been associated with cases of zoonotic infections. In this review, we discuss the mammalian transmission of H9N2 and the molecular factors that are thought relevant for this spillover, focusing on the HA segment. Additionally, we discuss factors that have been associated with the ability of these viruses to transmit through the respiratory route in mammalian species. The summarized information shows that minimal amino acid changes in the HA and/or the combination of H9N2 surface genes with internal genes of human influenza viruses are enough for the generation of H9N2 viruses with the ability to transmit via aerosol.

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“…Type A is one of the three major types of influenza viruses, which also include types B and C. Type A is divided into subtypes, which are differentiated mainly on the basis of two surface antigens: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). The H1N1 subtype is further differentiated into strains based on minor variations in RNA sequence [ 88 ].…”

Section: Plant-derived Antiviral Peptides Against Rna Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides as Potential Antiviral Agents in Systemic Viral Infections

Krier¹,

Albert

Devocelle³

et al. 2021

Pharmaceuticals

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Numerous studies have led to a better understanding of the mechanisms of action of viruses in systemic infections for the development of prevention strategies and very promising antiviral therapies. Viruses still remain one of the main causes of human diseases, mainly because the development of new vaccines is usually challenging and drug resistance has become an increasing concern in recent decades. Therefore, the development of potential antiviral agents remains crucial and is an unmet clinical need. One abundant source of potential therapeutic molecules are plants: they biosynthesize a myriad of compounds, including peptides which can have antimicrobial activity. Our objective is to summarize the literature on peptides with antiviral properties derived from plants and to identify key features of these peptides and their application in systemic viral infections. This literature review highlights studies including clinical trials which demonstrated that plant cyclotides have the ability to inhibit the growth of viruses causing human diseases, defensin-like peptides possess anti-HIV-1 activity, and lipid transfer proteins and some lectins exhibit a varied antimicrobial profile. To conclude, plant peptides remain interesting to explore in the context of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.

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Hemagglutinin Stability and Its Impact on Influenza A Virus Infectivity, Pathogenicity, and Transmissibility in Avians, Mice, Swine, Seals, Ferrets, and Humans

Cited by 47 publications

References 239 publications

Identification and Characterization of Swine Influenza Virus H1N1 Variants Generated in Vaccinated and Nonvaccinated, Challenged Pigs

Identification and Characterization of Swine Influenza Virus H1N1 Variants Generated in Vaccinated and Nonvaccinated, Challenged Pigs

Airborne Transmission of Avian Origin H9N2 Influenza A Viruses in Mammals

Plant-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides as Potential Antiviral Agents in Systemic Viral Infections

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