Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase Gene Sequence-Based Reclassification of Human Parainfluenza Virus 3 Variants

Abstract

The most comprehensive phylogenetic classification of human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV-3) was recently developed [PLoS One 2012;7:e43893]. This classification included three distinct clusters (A, B and C) with subdivision of cluster C into four subclusters (C1-4). In the present report, the classification of HPIV-3 was refined by inclusion of 27 overlooked beside newly characterized Saudi variants. The new phylogram was developed and included the same clusters described before, in which cluster A remained unchanged and cluster B contained more recent isolates. The organization of cluster C was altered through inclusion of a new subcluster (C5), subdivision of C1 into two lineages C1a and C1b and subdivision of C3 into three lineages C3a, C3b and C3c. The majority of Saudi variants were classified as members of subcluster C1b, whereas only one variant was placed in each of subclusters C2 and C5. This study illustrates an up-to-date phylogenetic classification of HPIV-3 variants.

A molecular epidemiological study of human parainfluenza virus type 3 at a tertiary university hospital during 2013–2015 in Catalonia, Spain

“…2) and F (Fig. 3) sequences from 97 out of 102 confirmed cases revealed three phylogenetic groups (A, B and C), with subdivision of group C into different subgroups and lineages (C1a-b, C2, C3a-c, C4 and C5), as recently described by other authors (Almajhdi, 2015;Mao et al, 2012). All characterized HN (94/102) and F (97/102) sequences in the present study fell within C1b (11), C5…”

“…However, this genetic group showed a nucleotide divergence of 0.019 and 0.024 among C1a and C1b, respectively. According to Almajhdi (2015) this might be considered a new lineage, and was named in the present study as C1c following the current nomenclature (Almajhdi, 2015;Mao et al, 2012). A complete correspondence between the HN and F phylogenetic classifications was also observed.…”

“…Different phylogenetic variants were simultaneously co-circulating, but showing variable prevalence among seasons. Phylogenetic group C remained as the most dynamic and widespread group worldwide (Almajhdi, 2015;Mao et al, 2012). Nucleotide sequences analyzed in comparison with different international strains demonstrated an association with some Chinese strains (C3a) (Mao et al, 2012) and Saudi Arabia strains (C1b and C5) (Almajhdi, 2015;Almajhdi et al, 2012), whereas no association with strains from America (Elango et al, 1986;van Wyke Coelingh et al, 1988), India (unpublished) or Australia (Lawrence et al, 2004;van Wyke Coelingh et al, 1988) was observed.…”

“…e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / d i a g m i c r o b i o (Almajhdi, 2015;Côté et al, 1987;Mao et al, 2012;Prinoski et al, 1992;Storey et al, 1987). The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence, the seasonality and the genetic diversity of HPIV-3 detected in respiratory specimens from patients attended at the Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH) in Barcelona (Spain) from the 2013-2014 season to the 2014-2015 season.…”

Genetic Variability and Sequence Relatedness of Matrix Protein in Viruses of the Families Paramyxoviridae and Pneumoviridae

“…2). This is especially interesting as no changes that could distinguish different phylogenetic subgroups were present when we analyzed HPIV3 F and HN proteins [40], which are more diverse, and therefore used for phylogenetic classification [41, 42]. Also, in the case of HPIV3, most of the amino acid changes in glycoproteins were restricted to cytoplasmic and transmembrane regions [40], which are regions thought to be important for interaction with the M proteins [43].…”