Helicobacter pylori infection: a dynamic process from diagnosis to treatment

Abstract

Helicobacter pylori, a gram-negative microaerophilic pathogen, causes several upper gastrointestinal diseases, such as chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancer. For the diseases listed above, H. pylori has different pathogenic mechanisms, including colonization and virulence factor expression. It is essential to make accurate diagnoses and provide patients with effective treatment to achieve positive clinical outcomes. Detection of H. pylori can be accomplished invasively and noninvasively, with both having advantages and limitations. To enhance therapeutic outcomes, novel therapeutic regimens, as well as adjunctive therapies with probiotics and traditional Chinese medicine, have been attempted along with traditional empiric treatments, such as triple and bismuth quadruple therapies. An H. pylori infection, however, is difficult to eradicate during treatment owing to bacterial resistance, and there is no commonly available preventive vaccine. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of our understanding of H. pylori infections and to highlight current treatment and diagnostic options.

Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Potassium-Competitive Acid Blockers vs. Proton Pump Inhibitors for Peptic Ulcer with or without Helicobacter pylori Infection: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis

“…The Maastricht VI/Florence Consensus report also recommended vonoprazan combined with antibiotics as first- and second-line treatment, especially in patients with evidence of antibiotic-resistant infections [ 87 ]. Different studies have drawn various conclusions about the mechanism of peptic ulcers induced by H. pylori infection: they can change the bacterial community function and microbial species in the digestive tract, induce virulence factors such as blood group antigen adhesion, outer inflammatory protein adhesion, urease, and vacuolar cytotoxin, and increase the secretion of gastric acid, thus damaging the digestive mucosa and inducing peptic ulcer [ 1 , 88 , 89 ].…”

Bioactive peptides as alternative treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection

“…Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative, helicalshaped bacterium with flagella, which confer motility enabling it to penetrate the protective mucosal layer and colonize the gastric epithelium [1][2][3][4][5]. It is estimated that half of the world population is infected by H. pylori, but the global prevalence varies significantly between countries and regions [6,7]. This pathogen boasts a myriad of virulence factors, including enzymes, effector proteins, adhesins, and other biomolecules.…”

Relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and colorectal polyp/colorectal cancer

“…Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori ) is a microaerophilic, gram-negative bacteria that lives mostly in the stomach and duodenum of humans. It spreads to individuals by a variety of routes, including oral-oral, fecal-oral, and gastro-oral pathways[ 1 ]. Because to H. pylori ’s various transmission channels, growing medication resistance, poor eradication rate, and insufficient treatment duration, 43.1 percent of the world population was infected from 2011 to 2022[ 2 ].…”