Helicobacter pylori-Induced Inflammation: Possible Factors Modulating the Risk of Gastric Cancer

Abstract

Chronic inflammation and long-term tissue injury are related to many malignancies, including gastric cancer (GC). Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), classified as a class I carcinogen, induces chronic superficial gastritis followed by gastric carcinogenesis. Despite a high prevalence of H. pylori infection, only about 1–3% of people infected with this bacterium develop GC worldwide. Furthermore, the development of chronic gastritis in some, but not all, H. pylori-infected subjects remains unexplained. These conflicting findings indicate that clinical outcomes of aggressive inflammation (atrophic gastritis) to gastric carcinogenesis are influenced by several other factors (in addition to H. pylori infection), such as gut microbiota, co-existence of intestinal helminths, dietary habits, and host genetic factors. This review has five goals: (1) to assess our current understanding of the process of H. pylori-triggered inflammation and gastric precursor lesions; (2) to present a hypothesis on risk modulation by the gut microbiota and infestation with intestinal helminths; (3) to identify the dietary behavior of the people at risk of GC; (4) to check the inflammation-related genetic polymorphisms and role of exosomes together with other factors as initiators of precancerous lesions and gastric carcinoma; and (5) finally, to conclude and suggest a new direction for future research.

Insights into the Anti-inflammatory and Antiviral Mechanisms of Resveratrol

“…Recently, it was reported that Helicobacter pylori infection caused gastric and duodenal inflammation [60]. Meanwhile, studies also have shown that interleukin-8 overexpression and iNOS production could be detected in gastritis models.…”

Microbiota and the Immune System—Actors in the Gastric Cancer Story

“…All these cells of the immune system are involved in maintaining immune homeostasis in the human body and fighting the developing inflammation or fighting pathogens. Chronic H. pylori infection leads to gastritis, and in some patients, peptic ulcer disease, and in about 1%—gastric cancer [ 17 , 18 ]. The likelihood of developing disease in those infected with these microorganisms is largely determined by the long-term inflammatory response that is associated with the virulence of the strains, genetic predisposition of the host, and environmental cofactors.…”

Characteristics and background mucosa status of early gastric cancer after Helicobacter pylori eradication: A narrative review

“…[3] Therefore, gastric cancer is an inflammation-associated carcinoma promoted by H pylori infection, characterized by ongoing chronic gastritis, development of gastric atrophy (GA), formation of intestinal metaplasia (IM), and finally, dysplasia and cancer. [4][5][6] Then, a relative consensus advocated that H pylori eradication could improve mucosal inflammation and reduce the incidence rates of gastric cancer. [6][7][8][9][10][11] Thus, on reports, H pylori eradication has shifted from treatment to primary prevention of gastric cancer on reports.…”