Helicobacter pylori and oral–gut microbiome: clinical implications

Abstract

More than half of the world’s population are colonized with H. pylori; however, the prevalence varies geographically with the highest incidence in Africa. H. pylori is probably a commensal organism that has been associated with the development of gastritis, ulcers, and gastric cancer. H. pylori alone is most probably not enough for the development of gastric carcinoma, but evidence for its association with the disease is high and has, therefore, been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a Class 1 carcinogen. Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria positively coexisted during H. pylori infection along the oral–gut axis. The eradication therapy required to treat H. pylori infection can also have detrimental consequences for the gut microbiota, leading to a decreased alpha diversity. Therefore, therapy regimens integrated with probiotics may abolish the negative effects of antibiotic therapy on the gut microbiota. These eradication therapies combined with probiotics have also higher rates of eradication, when compared to standard treatments, and are associated with reduced side effects, improving the patient’s compliance. The eradication therapy not only affects gut microbiome but also affects the oral microbiome with robust predominance of harmful bacteria. However, there have been reports of a protective role of H. pylori in Barrett’s esophagus, esophageal adenocarcinoma, eosinophilic esophagitis, IBD, asthma, and even multiple sclerosis. Therefore, eradication therapy should be carefully considered, and test to treat policy should be tailored to specific communities especially in highly endemic areas. Supplementation of probiotics, prebiotics, herbals, and microbial metabolites to reduce the negative effects of eradication therapy should be considered. After failure of many eradication attempts, the benefits of H. pylori eradication should be carefully balanced against the risk of adverse effects especially in the elderly, persons with frailty, and intolerance to antibiotics.

Fermented milk product “Narineh” with Lactobacillus acidophilus in sequential and classical therapy for Helicobacter pylori-associated peptic ulcers

“…In various years, one can find isolated works in the literature that indicate the need to supplement classical antibacterial therapy in eradication regimens with probiotics containing Lactobacillus acidophilus in order to increase the degree of eradication and reduce the incidence of side effects [45][46][47][48]. It is also shown that Lactobacillus acidophilus had an inhibitory effect on Hp in peptic ulcer patients and also in vitro.…”

Dark under the Lamp: Neglected Biological Pollutants in the Environment Are Closely Linked to Lung Cancer

“…Instead, we herein review the research progress made in H. pylori [ 20 ], S. pneumoniae [ 21 ], M.tb [ 22 ], and C. pneumoniae [ 23 ], which have been reported to be involved in lung cancer development and are not typically recognized as a subject in the research of the human microbiome and lung cancer, although H. pylori and S. pneumoniae are part of the commensal bacterial flora [ 56 , 57 ]. Consequently, this part of the review aims to inspire people to introduce the concept of biological pollutants in investigations of the microbiome and lung cancer, and to elucidate the relationship between biological hazards and human microbiota.…”

Current Knowledge about Gastric Microbiota with Special Emphasis on Helicobacter pylori-Related Gastric Conditions

“…has been demonstrated to escape immunosurveillance mechanisms, thus allowing its long survival in the stomach. Furthermore, H. pylori is able to modify the gastric microbiota, thus causing a condition of dysbiosis, which may generate various diseases in addition to compromising human nutrition [12].…”